西奥多· 赵· 林

Theodore Chao Lim

关键词：绿色雨洪设施；基础设施法规；社区复兴；空间分布式基础设施

Keywords：Green Stormwater Infrastructure; Infrastructure Regulation; Neighborhood Revitalization; Spatially Distributed Infrastructure

摘要：

绿色基础设施利用雨水蒸发和下渗的自然过程就地管理雨水径流已得到城市规划领域的广泛认同。除了提供雨洪管理服务，绿色基础设施还有助于提升城市的宜居性，包括缓解城市热岛效应、增加社区服务设施、净化空气，甚至减少犯罪。美国联邦政府的雨洪管理法规对城市水质的要求日益严格，但改造老化的传统基础设施成本高昂，故绿色基础设施便成为实现雨洪管理目标更加有效的途径。本文追溯美国雨洪管理法规的发展对华盛顿特区社区政策之影响，在既有绿色基础设施与社区复兴的研究基础上，探讨由市场驱动的社区复兴其绿色基础设施的布局特征，并通过对政府雨洪政策、市民主动参与以及市场投资等因素进行叠置，分析不同社区类型可能建设的绿色基础设施情景。结果表明社区间的绿色基础设施建设概率存在差异，再投资比例高的社区其布局绿色基础设施的可能性最高。

Abstract：

The concept of Green Infrastructure, or using the natural processes of evapotranspiration and infiltration to manage stormwater runoff close to where rain falls is a popular concept among urbanists. In addition to providing the ecosystem services of flood management, the concept of Green Infrastructure realizes other goals of increasing urban livability, through mitigating urban heat island effect, providing community amenity, purifying air, and even reducing crime. At the same time, Green Infrastructure has been shown to be primarily driven by federal-level stormwater management regulations to make expensive improvements to aging infrastructure. Green Infrastructure is one way that cities may achieve this goal more efficiently. This paper traces the history of stormwater infrastructure regulation and urban sustainability in the US and explains how this national context influenced local policy in Washington DC neighborhoods. In addition to the popular narrative that Green Infrastructure can spur neighborhood revitalization, this paper identifies the market-driven urban processes that determine Green Infrastructure locations in revitalizing neighborhoods. Using an overlay analysis of these factors—centrallydriven planning processes, distributed voluntary participation and distributed development patterns, this paper shows how different neighborhoods throughout the District are likely to have different distributions of Green Infrastructure adoption rates, with areas experiencing high re-investment showing the highest levels of probably Green Infrastructure adoption.

西奥多· 赵· 林，美国宾夕法尼亚大学城市与区域规划系，博士；美国蒙桑图（Monsanto）公司环境数据分析师。tlim@design.upenn.edu

殷一鸣，南京大学建筑与城市规划学院，硕士研究生

• [1] Office of Water. Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs[R]. US EPA, 2004.
  [2] MELOSI M V. The sanitary city: urban infrastructure in America from colonial times to the present[M]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
  [3] BIRCH E L, WACHTER S M. Growing greener cities: urban sustainability in the twenty-first century[M]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc, 2011.
  [4] SCHILLING J, LOGAN J. Greening the rust belt: a green infrastructure model for right sizing America’s shrinking cities[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2008, 74(4): 451-466.
  [5] US EPA. Combined Sewer Overf lows: Guidance for Nine Minimum Controls[EB/OL]. (1995) [2017-07-02]. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/owm0030_2.pdf.
  [6] US EPA. Integrated Municipal Stormwater and Wastewater Planning Approach Framework[EB/OL]. (2012)[2017-07-02]. https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/integrated_planning_framework.pdf.
  [7] US EPA. National Combined Sewer Overflow Control Strategy. Federal Register[EB/OL]. (1989) [2017-07-28]. https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/owm0356.pdf.
  [8] US EPA. Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2008: Report to Congress[R]. US EPA, 2008.
  [9] MANDARANO L, PAULSEN K. Governance capacity in collaborative watershed partnerships: evidence from the Philadelphia region[J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2011, 54(10): 1293-1313.
  [10] KIDD C V. The evolution of sustainability[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 1992, 5(1): 1-26.
  [11] DANIELS T L. A trail across time: American environmental planning from city beautiful to sustainability[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2009, 75(2): 178-192.
  [12] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis[M]. Washington DC: Island Press, 2005.
  [13] BENEDICT M A, MCMAHON E. Green infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities[M]. Washington DC: Island Press, 2006.
  [14] FLORIDA R. The rise of the creative class: and how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life[M]. Basic Books, 2002.
  [15] HECKERT M, ROSAN C D. Developing a green infrastructure equity index to promote equity planning[J]. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 2015, 19: 263-270.
  [16] WOLCH J R, BYRNE J, NEWELL J P. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: the challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014, 125: 234-244.
  [17] KRUMHOLZ N. A retrospective view of Equity Planning Cleveland 1969-1979[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1982, 48(2): 163-174.
  [18] BRANAS C C, CHENEY R A, MACDONALD J M, et al. A differencein-differences analysis of health, safety, and greening vacant urban space[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2011, 174(11): 1296-1306.
  [19] GARVIN E C, CANNUSCIO C C, BRANAS C C. Greening vacant lots to reduce violent crime: a randomised controlled trial[J]. Injury Prevention Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 2013, 19(3): 198-203.
  [20] BOLITZER B, NETUSIL N R. The impact of open spaces on property values in Portland, Oregon[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2000, 59(3): 185-193.
  [21] TROY A, GROVE J M. Property values, parks, and crime: a hedonic analysis in Baltimore, MD[J]. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2008, 87(3): 233-245.
  [22] WOLF K L. Business district streetscapes, trees, and consumer response[J]. Journal of Forestry, 2006, 103(8): 396-400.
  [23] LIM T C. An empirical study of spatial-temporal growth patterns of a voluntary residential green infrastructure program[J]. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2017(3): 1-20.
  [24] DC WASA. Combined Sewer System Long Term Control Plan - Final Report[R]. DC WASA, 2002.
  [25] DC WASA. Order Denying Review in Part and Remanding in Part[EB/OL]. (2008) [2017-07-30]. https://yosemite.epa.gov/oa/eab_web_docket.nsf/CW
  A~Decisions/54BBDD75E876EDE8852577450059FB0F/$File/DC%20Water%20-%20PUBLISHED.pdf.
  [26] DC WASA. Consent Decree[Z]. 2005.
  [27] DC Water. Petition to Support the District of Columbia Combined Sewer Overflow Long Term Control Plan with Low Impact Development Strategies[EB/OL]. (2010)[2017-07-02]. https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/wat_10100402a.pdf.
  [28] DOEE.“ Get Riversmart!”[EB/OL]. [2017-08-02]. https://doee.dc.gov/service/get-riversmart.
  [29] DC Water. Long Term Control Plan Modif ication for Green Infrastructure[EB/OL]. Washington DC: DC Water. (2015)[2017-08-02]. http://www.dcen.net/dc/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/2015-05-20-DCENGI-Pres.pdf.
  [30] BHASKAR A S, WELTY C, MAXWELL R M, et al. Untangling the effects of urban development on subsurface storage in Baltimore[J]. Water Resources Research, 2015, 51(2): 1158-1181.
  [31] LIM T C. Predictors of urban variable source area: a cross-section analysis of urbanized catchments in the United States[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2016,
  30(25): 4799-4814.
  [32] SCHWARTZ S S, SMITH B. Restoring hydrologic function in urban landscapes with suburban subsoiling[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2016, 543: 770-781.
  [33] PARIKH P, TAYLOR M A, Hoagland T, et al. Application of market mechanisms and incentives to reduce stormwater runoff[J]. Environmental Science and Policy, 2005, 8(2): 133-144.
  [34] THURSTON H W, TAYLOR M A, ROY A, et al. Applying a reverse auction to reduce stormwater runoff[J]. Ambio, 2008, 37(4): 326-327.
  [35] ROY A H, WENGER S J, FLETCHER T D, et al. Impediments and solutions to sustainable, watershed-scale urban stormwater management: lessons from Australia and the United States[J]. Environmental Management, 2008, 42(2): 344-359.
  [36] VALDERRAMA A, LEVINE L. Financing Stormwater Retrofits in Philadelphia and Beyond[R]. Natural Resources Defense Council, 2012.
  [37] ANDO A W, FREITAS L P C. Consumer demand for green stormwater management technology in an urban setting: the case of Chicago rain barrels[J]. Water Resources Research, 2011, 47(12): 155-168.
  [38] EICHHOLTZ P, KOK N, QUIGLEY J M. Doing well by doing good? green office buildings[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2010, 100(5): 2492-2509.

• 收起