徐苗 陈瑞 杨碧波

Xu Miao, Chen Rui, Yang Bibo

关键词：非正规就业 ；保障房 ；城市规划干预 ；空间失配 ；职住关系

Keywords：Informal Employment; Affordable Housing; Urban Planning Intervention; Spatial Mismatch; Job-Housing Relationship

摘要：

非正规就业对国民经济、城镇就业的增长和城镇化进程有着巨大的推动和稳定作用，而城市规划实践与研究却并未给予非正规就业充分的关注，非正规就业与正规就业的模糊使得针对城市低收入人群的规划政策产生了偏离与盲区。本文采用抽样实证调查的方法探讨非正规就业者的职住空间特征以及规划政策对其通勤状况产生的影响。首先阐述了职住空间失配理论在非正规就业这一视角上的缺失 ；其次对非正规就业者的居住空间与就业空间分布进行理论回顾 ；最后，本文以低收入人群集中的两处保障房社区为例，利用 ArcGIS 平台对其中的非正规就业者搬迁前后的职住关系与通勤特征进行描述和分析。本文认为，非正规就业者相较于正规就业者通勤距离和时间均较短，高度依赖公共交通，表现出接近就业中心的职住偏好，而搬迁后非正规就业者通勤状况恶化，呈现出“空间失配”特征。实证结果表明在制定规划政策时要充分考虑到非正规就业者的职住关系特征与行为偏好，并运用相关的规划工具展开积极干预。上述结论有助于认知非正规就业者在职住偏好及决策上的特殊性和反思现有影响非正规就业者规划政策的局限与不足。

Abstract：

Informal employment plays a great role in promoting and stabilizing the national economy, urban employment growth and urbanization. However, urban planning practice and research have not given sufficient attention to informal employment. The blurring of informal employment and formal employment has led to planning policies for low-income urban populations that created deviations and blind spots. This paper investigates the occupational and residential space characteristics of informal employees and the impact of planning policies on their commuting status by means of sample empirical survey. It firstly expounds the lack of space mismatch hypothesis in the perspective of informal employment. Secondly, it makes a theoretical review of the living space and employment space distribution of informal workers. Finally, this paper takes two communities of low-income people in concentrated communities as examples, using the ArcGIS platform to describe and analyze the occupational and residential relationships and commuting characteristics before and after the relocation of informal workers. This paper argues that informal workers have shorter commuting distances and time than formal workers, who are highly dependent on public transportation, and show close to the employment center’s job-housing preference. After the relocation, the commuting situation of informal workers deteriorated, showing the characteristics of “spatial mismatch”. The empirical results show that in the formulation of planning policies, the characteristics of occupational residence and behavioral preferences of informal workers should be fully considered, and relevant planning tools should be used to actively intervene. These conclusions are helpful to recognize the particularity of informal employees’ preferences and decision-making and to reflect on the limitations and shortcomings of existing planning policies affecting informal employees.

徐苗，重庆大学建筑城规学院副教授，城乡规划系副系主任，麻省理工学院高级城市研究中心（LCAU）访问学者
陈瑞，重庆大学建筑城规学院硕士研究生
杨碧波，注册城乡规划师，华夏幸福城市规划师

• [1] BERUBE A. Mixed communities in England-a US perspective on evidence and policy prospects[R]. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005.
  [2] ARTHURSON K, JACOBS K. A critique of the concept of social exclusion andits utility for Australian social housing policy[J]. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 2004, 39(1): 25-40.
  [3] HILLS J, et al, eds. Understanding social exclusion[M]. [S.l.]: Oxford University, 2002.
  [4] SCANLON K, WHITEHEAD C, ARRIGOITIA M F. Social housing in Europe[M]. [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014.
  [5] 徐苗 , 杨碧波 . 中国保障性住房研究评述及启示——基于中外期刊的计量化分析成果 [J]. 城市发展研究 , 2015(10): 108-118.
  [6] MORRIS A. Social housing and social problems[J]. International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home, 2012: 395-400.
  [7] GOETZ E G. Building the glass box: developing public housing in suburban areas[M] // THOMAS-HOUSTON M M, SCHULLER M. Homing devices: the poor as targets of public housing policy and practice. Lanham, MD:Lexington Books, 2006: 101-117.
  [8] KNOX P, PINCH S. Urban social geography: an introduction[M]. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall, 2000.
  [9] SLAVNIC Z. Political economy of informalization[J]. European Societies, 2010, 12(1): 3-23.
  [10] GERXHANI K. The informal sector in developed and less developed countries: a literature survey[J]. Public Choice, 2004, 120(3/4): 267-300.
  [11] ILO: International Labor Office. Women and men in the informal economy: a statistical picture[R]. Geneva: International Labor Organization, 2002.
  [12] SCHNEIDER F. Shadow economies around the world: what do we really know?[J]. European Journal of Political Economy, 2005, 21(3): 598-642.
  [13] 胡鞍钢 , 赵黎 . 我国转型期城镇非正规就业与非正规经济 (1990—2004)[J]. 清华大学学报 ( 哲学社会科学版 ), 2006(3): 111-119.
  [14] 黄宗智 . 中国被忽视的非正规经济 : 现实与理论 [J]. 开放时代 , 2009(2): 53-75.
  [15] 黄宗智 , 等 . 中国非正规经济 ( 上 ) [J]. 开放时代 , 2011(1): 5-37.
  [16] 黄耿志 , 薛德升 , 张虹鸥 . 中国城市非正规就业的发展特征与城市化效应 [J]. 地理研究 , 2016(3): 442-454.
  [17] 李强 , 唐壮 . 城市农民工与城市中的非正规就业 [J]. 社会学研究 , 2002(6): 13-25.
  [18] KAIN J F . Housing segregation, negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization[J]. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1968, 82(2):175-197.
  [19] KAWABATA M. Job access and employment among low-skilled autoless workers in US metropolitan areas[J]. Environment Plan A, 2003, 35(9): 16.
  [20] KAWABATA M, SHEN Q. Commuting inequality between cars and public transit: the case of the San Francisco Bay Area, 1990-2000[J]. Urban Studies, 2007, 44(9): 1759-1780.
  [21] GOBILLON L, SELOD H, ZENOU Y. The mechanisms of spatial mismatch[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2007, 44(12): 2401-2427.
  [22] SHEN Q. Spatial and social dimensions of commuting[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2000, 66(1): 68-82.
  [23] STOLL M A . Spatial job search, spatial mismatch, and the employment and wages of racial and ethnic groups in Los Angeles[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 1999, 46(1): 129-155.
  [24] BLUMENBERG E. En-gendering effective planning: spatial mismatch, low-income women, and transportation policy[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004, 70(3): 269-281.
  [25] SHEN Q. A spatial analysis of job openings and access in a U.S. metropolitan area[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2001, 67(1): 53-68.
  [26] SANCHEZ T. The connection between public transit and employment[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1999, 65(3): 284-296.
  [27] ONG B P. Job accessibility and welfare usage: evidence from Los Angeles[J]. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 1998, 17(4): 639-657.
  [28] COOKE T J. Proximity to job opportunities and African American male unemployment: a test of the spatial mismatch hypothesis in Indianapolis[J]. Professional Geographer, 2010, 45(4): 407-415.
  [29] 张艳 , 刘志林 . 市场转型背景下北京市中低收入居民的住房机会与职住分离研究 [J]. 地理科学 , 2018, 38(1): 11-19.
  [30] ZHAO P, HOWDEN-CHAPMAN P. Social inequalities in mobility: the impact of the hukou system on migrants’ job accessibility and commuting costs in Beijing[J]. International Development Planning Review, 2010, 32(3): 363-384.
  [31] YAO M Z, WANG D G. Mobility and travel behavior in urban China: the role of institutional factors[J]. Transport Policy, 2018, 69: 122-131.
  [32] WANG F H. Job proximity and accessibility for workers of various wage groups[J]. Urban Geography, 2003, 24(3):253-271.
  [33] SANCHEZ T W, SHEN Q, PENG Z R. Transit mobility, jobs access and low income labour participation in US metropolitan areas[J]. Urban Studies, 2004, 41(7): 1313-1331.
  [34] 谌丽 , 张文忠 , 党云晓 , 等 . 北京市低收入人群的居住空间分布、演变与聚居类型 [J]. 地理研究 , 2012, 31(4): 720-732.
  [35] 李志刚 , 吴缚龙 , 肖扬 . 基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究 [J]. 地理研究 , 2014, 33(11): 2056-2068.
  [36] 刘开智 . 非正规就业推动下的城市化——以广州市为例 [D]. 中山大学 , 2008.
  [37] 陈锋 . “区域竞次”、“非正规经济”与“不完全城市化”——关于中国经济和城市化发展模式的一个观察视角 [J]. 国际城市规划 , 2014(3): 1-7.
  [38] 张京祥 , 陈浩 . 南京市典型保障性住区的社会空间绩效研究——基于空间生产的视角 [J]. 现代城市研究 , 2012(6): 66-71.
  [39] 杨碧波 . 重庆保障房社区非正规就业群体职住空间失配研究 [D]. 重庆大学 , 2017.
  [40] 李志刚 , 任艳敏 , 李丽 . 保障房社区居民的日常生活实践研究——以广州金沙洲社区为例 [J]. 建筑学报 , 2014(2): 12-16.
  [41] GRANT R. Working it out: labour geographies of the poor in Soweto, South Africa[J]. Development Southern Africa, 2010, 27(4): 595-612.
  [42] GRANT R. Gendered spaces of informal entrepreneurship in Soweto, South Africa[J]. Urban Geography, 2013, 34(1): 86-108.
  [43] 诺南·帕迪森 . 城市研究手册 [M]. 上海 ：格致出版社 , 2009.
  [44] 李桂铭 . 我国非正规就业状况分析 [J]. 合作经济与科技 , 2006(1): 27-28.
  [45] SUAREZ M, MURATA M, DELGADO CAMPOS J. Why do the poor travel less? Urban structure, commuting and economic informality in Mexico City[J]. Urban Studies, 2016, 53(12): 2548-2566.
  [46] 丝奇雅·沙森 . 全球城市：纽约、伦敦、东京 [M]. 上海社会科学院出版社, 2005.
  [47] SASSEN S. Informalization in advanced market economies. ILO, 1997.
  [48] 黄耿志 , 李天娇 , 薛德升 . 包容还是新的排斥 ?——城市流动摊贩空间引导效应与规划研究 [J]. 规划师 , 2012(8): 78-83.
  [49] CROSSA V. Resisting the entrepreneurial city: street vendors’struggle in Mexico City’s historic center[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2009, 33(1): 43-63.
  [50] 梁增贤 , 保继刚 . 主题公园周边非正规就业管制的堵与疏——以北京欢乐谷为例 [J]. 城市问题 , 2012(4): 67-72.
  [51] 蒋丽 . 广州制造业空间布局及其形成原因[J]. 热带地理 , 2014, 34(6): 850-858.
  [52] CROTTY S M. Locating day-labor employment: toward a geographic understanding of day-labor hiring site locations in the San Diego metropolitan area[J]. Urban Geography, 2015, 36(7): 993-1017.
  [53] 黄宗智 . 重庆 : “第三只手”推动的公平发展 ?[J]. 开放时代 , 2011(9): 6-32.
  [54] 文婧 , 王星 , 连欣 . 北京市居民通勤特征研究——基于千余份问卷调查的分析 [J]. 人文地理 , 2012(5): 62-68.
  [55] 朱菁 , 董欣 , 贺建雄 , 等 . 中国西部平原型大城市居民通勤特征研究——以西安市为例 [J]. 人文地理 , 2015(3): 118-124.

• 收起