冷红 郑春宇 鲁钰雯

Leng Hong, Zheng Chunyu, Lu Yuwen

关键词：可步行性；寒地城市；老龄人口；公共空间；健身出行

Keywords：Walkability; Winter City; Elder People; Public Space; Travel to Physical Activity

摘要：

中国正逐步进入老龄化社会，老龄人口的健康问题日益得到公众关注，坚持适当的体力活动对于维持老龄人口的健康有着重要的意义。良好的可步行性可以提升城市公共空间的使用效率，促进健身行为的发生。然而对于寒冷地区而言，气候条件是影响城市公共空间可步行性的重要因素。尽管当前中国关于老龄人口以及可步行性的相关研究逐渐增多，但这些研究对于气候因素的关注度仍比较低，寒地气候背景下的相关研究更为有限。本文分析了寒地气候对可步行性的诸多影响，进一步以东北地区典型的寒地城市哈尔滨市为例，对有健身习惯的城市老龄人口的健身行为特征以及健身出行特征进行随机问卷调查，从老龄人口冬季健身出行的视角出发，对严寒地区城市公共空间可步行性现状进行分析。在此基础上，参照渥太华等北美寒地城市的经验，充分考虑寒地气候的特点，结合中国寒地城市的步行现状问题，从合理优化城市公共空间布局、优化城市步行系统以及优化城市步行环境三个方面提出提升及优化城市公共空间可步行性的策略。

Abstract：

As China gradually enters an aging society, health issues of elder people grab the attention of whole society. Doing adequate physical activity is beneficial for health of elder people. Better accessibility could increase the utilization of public space, encourage urban residents to participate in physical activity. However, the climate characteristic is a domain factor for winter cities. Although there is a growing number of researches concerning elder people and walkability. However, knowledge gap regarding to climate context exists, especially in winter climate characteristics in cold region. This paper takes Harbin, a typical winter city of China, as research site, analyzes the current situation of public space walkability according to the physical activity behaviors and travel behaviors of elder people. Based on it, combined with the experience of cold cities in North America such as Ottawa and with the walkability status of winter cities in China, strategies including reallocating spatial distribution of public spaces, constructing comprehensive walking system and creating enjoyable walking environment to improve and optimize the walkability of urban public space are proposed.

冷红，哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院，寒地城乡人居环境科学与技术工业和信息化部重点实验室，教授，博士生导师

郑春宇，哈尔滨工业大学硕士，英国爱丁堡大学博士研究生

鲁钰雯，哈尔滨工业大学硕士，南京大学博士研究生

• [1] World Health Organization. Physical activity and older adults[OL]. [2019-07-03]. http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_olderadults/en/.

  [2] 国家体育总局. 全民健身调查报告[R]. 2016.

  [3] 卢银桃, 王德. 美国步行性测度研究进展及其启示[J]. 国际城市规划, 2012(1): 10-15.

  [4] 彭雷. 当代西方城市步行网络研究新动向[J]. 国际城市规划, 2015(3): 37-42.

  [5] PRESSMAN N. Northern cityscape[M]. Ontario: Winter Cities Association, 1995.

  [6] 吴健生，沈楠. 基于步行指数的深圳市福田区公园绿地社会服务功能研究[J]. 生态学报, 2017, 37(22): 7483-7492.

  [7] 卢银桃. 基于日常服务设施步行者使用特征的社区可步行性评价研究——以上海市江浦路街道为例[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2013(5): 113-118.

  [8] 王德, 卢银桃, 朱玮, 等. 社区日常服务设施可步行性评价系统开发与应用[J]. 同济大学学报（自然科学版）, 2015, 43(12): 1815-1822.

  [9] ADDY C L, WILSON D K, KIRTLAND K A, et al. Associations of perceived social and physical environmental supports with physical activity and walking behavior[J]. American journal of public health, 2004, 94(3): 440-443.

  [10] KACZYNSKI A T, POTWARKA L R, SAELENS B E. Association of park size, distance, and features with physical activity in neighborhood parks[J]. American journal of public health, 2008, 98(8): 1451-1456.

  [11] BROWNSON R C, HOUSEMANN R A, BROWN D R, et al. Promoting physical activity in rural communities: walking trail access, use, and effects[J]. American journal of preventive medicine, 2000, 18(3): 235-241.

  [12] 冷红, 李姝媛. 冬季公众健康视角下寒地城市空间规划策略研究[J]. 上海城市规划, 2017(3): 1-5.

  [13] HOEHNER C M, RAMIREZ L K B, ELLIOTT M B, et al. Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical activity among urban adults[J]. American journal of preventive medicine, 2005, 28(2): 105-116.

  [14] MCCORMACK G, GILES-CORTI B, LANGE A, et al. An update of recent evidence of the relationship between objective and self-report measures of the physical environment and physical activity behaviours[J]. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 2004, 7(1): 81-92.

  [15] VAN DYCK D, CERIN E, CONWAY T L, et al. Perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with adults’ leisure-time physical activity: findings from Belgium, Australia and the USA[J]. Health & place, 2013, 19: 59-68.

  [16] BIZE R, JOHNSON J A, PLOTNIKOFF R C. Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: a systematic review[J]. Preventive medicine, 2007, 45(6): 401-415.

  [17] WANG Y, CHAU C K, NG W Y, et al. A review on the effects of physical built environment attributes on enhancing walking and cycling activity levels within residential neighborhoods[J]. Cities, 2016, 50: 1-15.

  [18] MORAN M, VAN CAUWENBERG J, HERCKY-LINNEWIEL R, et al. Understanding the relationships between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review of qualitative studies[J]. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2014, 11(1): 79.

  [19] LI Y, HSU J, FERNIE G R. Winter accessibility survey results: inadequate consideration of weather elements in the development of pedestrian facilities[J]. Gerontechnology, 2010, 9(2): 301.

  [20] RYSER L, HALSETH G. Institutional barriers to incorporating climate responsive design in commercial redevelopment[J]. Environment and planning b: planning and design, 2008, 35(1): 34-55.

  [21] CLARKE P, HIRSCH J A, MELENDEZ R, et al. Snow and rain modify neighbourhood walkability for older adults[J]. Canadian Journal on aging/larevue canadienne du vieillissement, 2017, 36(2): 159-169.

  [22] 哈尔滨市全民健身实施计划（2016—2020 年）[OL]. [2019-07-03]. http://www.harbin.gov.cn/art/2016/12/31/art_13790_3227.html.

  [23] 冷红, 鲁钰雯, 袁青. 寒地城市冬季公共开放空间步行可达性研究[J]. 建筑学报, 2017 ( 增刊1): 38-42.

  [24] LU Y, LENG H, YUAN Q. Ethnography for accessibility to public open spaces[J]. Nano life, 2018: 1840002.

  [25] 鲁钰雯. 寒地城市可步行性测度及优化研究[D]. 哈尔滨工业大学, 2017.

  [26] How walk score works[OL]. [2019-07-03]. https://www.walkscore.com/howit-works/.

  [27] 谭少华, 王莹亮, 肖健. 基于主动式干预的可步行城市策略研究[J]. 国际城市规划, 2016(5): 61-67.

  [28] City of Ottawa. Ottawa pedestrian plan 2013[OL]. https://documents.  ottawa.ca/sites/default/files/documents/opp_2013_en.pdf.

  [29] The Council on Aging of Ottawa. Age-friendly walkability progressreport 2017[OL]. [2019-07-03]. https://coaottawa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/201704-25-VALUABLE-Pedistrians-Progress-Report-April-25-2017.pdf.

  [30] City of Edmonton. Walkable edmonton toolkit[OL]. [2019-07-03]. https://www.americantrails.org/images/documents/WalkableEdmontonToolkit.pdf.

  [31] City of Edmonton. Smart choices for developing our community[OL]. [2019-07-03]. https://webdocs.edmonton.ca/InfraPlan/SmartChoices/OnlineShowcaseIdea3WalkableCity.pdf.

  [32] City of Edmonton. Winter city design guidelines[OL]. [2019-07-03]. https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PDF/WinterCityDesignGuidelines_draft.pdf.

  [33] Government of Minneapolis. Minneapolis pedestrian master plan[OL].[2019-07-03]. http://www.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@publicworks/documents/webcontent/wcmsp-206772.pdf.

  [34] Government of Minneapolis. Pedestrian and bicycle winter maintenance study[OL]. [2019-07-03]. http://www.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@publicworks/documents/webcontent/wcmsp-210946.pdf.

  [35] Government of Minneapolis. Minneapolis for a lifetime: age friendly action plan[OL]. [2019-07-03]. http://www.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@ncr/documents/webcontent/wcmsp-211740.pdf.

  
  

• 收起