周恺 戴燕归 涂婳

Zhou Kai, Dai Yangui, Tu Hua

关键词：断面模型；精明收缩；精明增长；收缩城市；城市形态

Keywords：Transect Model; Smart Shrinkage; Smart Growth; Shrinking City; Urban Form

摘要：

城市—乡村建成环境之间的过渡是连续且分阶段的过程，“精明增长”策略建立了一个“断面模型”来控制和规范不同类型的城市形态，并使各“生态区”断面之间产生连续的平滑衔接。基于这一认识，本文探索将“断面模型”与“精明收缩”结合的可能，即城市在收缩阶段进行“空间资源的优化重组”和“低效资源的整合退出”的过程中，用该模型控制和调整空间形态中“空间要素的合理分配”和“生态区的平滑过渡”。首先，文章通过解析断面模型与精明收缩的概念和内涵，从核心价值、控制对象、运作方式等层面建立两者的耦合框架。框架为断面模型应用于精明收缩提供了依据，也描绘出基于断面模型的精明收缩与精明增长的技术路径。其次，文章通过案例研究，分析与探讨美国相关收缩地区基于断面模型的规划实践，以此证明将断面模型应用于精明收缩的可行性。本研究希望通过耦合框架的提出以及相关案例的解析，确立精明收缩目标与形态控制手段之间的对应关系，完善“增长管理”和“收缩管理”理论，引导并管控城市形态的正向（增长期）与反向（收缩期）有序演变。

Abstract：

The transformation of landscape/townscape from the rural area to an urban area is a continuous and phased process, for which a transect model is used in the smart growth strategy to depict as well as to regulate the changing urban form, ensuring a smooth transitionbetween different ecological zones. Inspired by this, we try to apply the “transect model” to “smart shrinkage”, using the abilities of the former to “allocate spatial elements” and to “smooth transition between ecology zones”, in order to fulfill the needs of the latter (i.e. “to optimize the spatial pattern” and “to rightsizing the city”). Firstly, this paper introduces the concepts and meanings of the transect model and the smart shrinkage and builds a coupling framework based on their similar aims, objects, and operations. Secondly, this paper analyzes three case studies in the USA, where the framework was partially implemented in the specific planning practices of these shrinking cities. Using the coupling framework and case studies, this research aims to develop a method/theory for the control of urban form in both growing and shrinking cities. By doing so, it prepares the urban planners and dicision-makers with effective tools to manage growth and shrinkage using the same model for both urban and rural areas, ensuring a sustainable urban form in either positive (regional growth) or reversed (regional shrinkage) evolution of the ecological transects in urbanization.

周恺，湖南大学建筑学院城乡规划系，副教授。zhoukai_nju@hotmail.com

戴燕归，湖南大学建筑学院，硕士研究生。daiyangui_19a@foxmail.com

涂婳，湖南大学建筑学院，硕士研究生。tuhua.jx@foxmail.com

• [1] HOSPERS G J. Policy responses to urban shrinkage: from growth thinking to civic engagement[J]. European planning studies, 2014, 22(7): 1507-1523.

  [2] 张京祥, 赵丹, 陈浩. 增长主义的终结与中国城市规划的转型[J]. 城市规划, 2013, 37(1): 45-50, 55.

  [3] SOUSA S, PINHO P. Planning for shrinkage: paradox or paradigm[J]. European planning studies, 2015, 23(1): 12-32.

  [4] 赵家辉, 李诚固, 马佐澎, 等. 城市精明收缩与我国老工业基地转型[J]. 城市发展研究, 2017, 24(1): 135-138， 152.

  [5] POPPER D E, POPPER F. Small can be beautiful[J]. Planning, 2002, 68(7): 20-23.

  [6] BERNT M, HAASE A, GRO?MANN K, et al. How does(n’t) urban shrinkage get onto the agenda? experiences from Leipzig, Liverpool, Genoa

  and Bytom[J]. International journal of urban and regional research, 2014, 38(5): 1749-1766.

  [7] 郭炎, 刘达, 赵宁宁, 等. 基于精明收缩的乡村发展转型与聚落体系规划——以武汉市为例[J]. 城市与区域规划研究, 2018, 10(1): 168-186.

  [8] PAROLEK D G, PAROLEK K, CRAWFORD P C. Form based codes: a guide for planners, urban designers, municipalities, and developers[M]. John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

  [9] 王晓川, 李东泉, 张磊. 城市形态设计准则——规划师、城市设计师、市政专家和开发者指南[M]. 机械工业出版社, 2011.

  [10] 刘泉, 赖亚妮. 基于形态准则视角的TOD 横断面分区分类管理[J]. 国际城市规划, 2018, 33(6): 94-101. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2016.400.

  [11] HOLLANDER J B. Sunburnt cities: the great recession, depopulation and urban planning in the American sunbelt[M]. Routledge, 2011.

  [12] AUDIRAC I, FOL S, MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ C. Shrinking cities in a time of crisis[J]. Berkeley planning journal, 2010, 23(1): 51-57.

  [13] 高舒琦. 收缩城市研究综述[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2015(3): 44-49.

  [14] 龙瀛, 吴康, 王江浩. 中国收缩城市及其研究框架[J]. 现代城市研究, 2015(9): 14-19.

  [15] 周恺, 钱芳芳. 收缩城市：逆增长情景下的城市发展路径研究进展[J]. 现代城市研究, 2015(9): 2-13.

  [16] Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company. Image library: rural-urban transects[EB/OL]. (2008-03-28)[2019-11-15]. http://transect.org/rural_img.html.

  [17] DUANY A, TALEN E. Transect planning[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2002, 68(3): 245-266.

  [18] 戚冬瑾, 周剑云. 基于形态的条例——美国区划改革新趋势的启示[J]. 城市规划, 2013, 37(9): 67-75.

  [19] DUANY A, SORLIEN S, WRIGHT W. SmartCode Version 9.2[S]. The Town Paper Publisher, 2009.

  [20] 马佐澎, 李诚固, 张婧, 等. 发达国家城市收缩现象及其对中国的启示[J]. 人文地理, 2016, 31(2): 13-17.

  [21] 张俊杰, 叶杰, 刘巧珍, 等. 基于“精明收缩”理论的广州城边村空间规划对策[J]. 规划师, 2018, 34(7): 77-85.

  [22] 王雨村, 王影影, 屠黄桔. 精明收缩理论视角下苏南乡村空间发展策略[J]. 规划师, 2017, 33(1): 39-44.

  [23] YOUNG I M. Inclusion and democracy[M]. Oxford University Press, 2002.

  [24] HOLLANDER J B, NéMETH J. The bounds of smart decline: a foundational theory for planning shrinking cities[J]. Housing policy debate, 2011, 21(3): 349-367.

  [25] 黄鹤. 精明收缩：应对城市衰退的规划策略及其在美国的实践[J]. 城市与区域规划研究, 2011, 4(3): 157-168.

  [26] Transect Codeware Company, Gateway Planning Group, Place Makers. Leander smart code[S]. Miami: Transect Codeware Company, 2005: 13.

  [27] DFC: Detroit Future City. The land use element: the Image of the City[R/OL]. (2001-12-19)[2019-11-22]. https://detroitfuturecity.com/strategicframework/.

  [28] Imagine Flint. Master plan for a sustainable Flint[R/OL]. (2013-10-28)[2019-11-22]. http://www.imagineflint.com.

  [29] One Region Forward. A new way to plan for Buffalo Niagara[R/OL]. (2015-02)[2019-11-22]. http://www.oneregionforward.org/the-plan/.

  [30] GreenCode. A new zoning direction for Buffalo[R/OL]. (2012-04-02)[2019-11-22]. http://www.buffalogreencode.com.

  [31] KIRKPATRICK L O. Urban triage, city systems, and the remnants of community: some “sticky” complications in the greening of Detroit[J]. Journal of urban history, 2015, 41(2): 261-278.

  [32] Queen City in the 21st Century. Comprehensive plan[R/OL]. (2006-02-07)[2019-11-22]. http://www.oneregionforward.org/plan/queen-city-in-the-21stcentury-comprehensive-plan/.

  [33] 王晓川. 精明准则——美国新都市主义下城市形态设计准则模式解析[J]. 国际城市规划, 2013, 28(6): 82-88.

  
  

• 收起