颜文涛 象伟宁 袁琳

Yan Wentao, Xiang Weining, Yuan Lin

关键词：世界文化遗产区；人类聚居；生态智慧；协同进化；都江堰灌区

Keywords：World Heritage Area; Human Settlements; Ecological Wisdom; Synergetic Evolution; Dujiangyan Irrigation Area

摘要：

以世界文化遗产区的都江堰灌区为研究对象，采用历史比较法，研究人类聚居生态智慧的演变规律。研究表明，都江堰灌区不同发展阶段的人—水关系体现了人与自然的关系模式，对人类聚居起到关键的作用；在都江堰水利工程建设前、建设时期、发展时期及近现代时期四个阶段，“天府之国”的人与自然关系模式显示出顺从自然、尊重自然、改造自然、征服自然的四次转变；从道生万物的整体观、道法自然的实践观、兼利天下的社会观、以道驭术的伦理观、自发秩序的善治思想等五个方面，揭示了“天府之国”社会和自然系统和谐共存的深层生态智慧。上述生态智慧对当代城乡可持续发展与规划实践的若干启示为：自然与社会系统的协同关系将有助于促进人类聚居的可持续性；自然引导下的人类聚居实践能够支撑生命支持系统；应通过规划实践维持或重构健康的自然过程；融合环境管理单元和规划发展单元，形成聚居模块单元，有助于形成基于模块单元的富有活力的健康自治管理模式；在城市规划领域引入环境伦理观，可以指导规划价值选择与规划制度革新；可持续的人居环境模式应该是社会与自然系统相互协作、理性包容、适度冗余、有序增长的协同进化模式。

Abstract：

Since the industrial revolution, the relationship between human and nature has not improved in line with technological and social innovations. In this paper, Dujiangyan irrigation area in the Chengdu Plain is selected as study subject. Historical comparative method is adopted to study the evolvement rule of ecological wisdom of human settlements. The results indicate that natural processes played a crucial role in determining human settlements in Dujiangyan irrigation area. Relationship between human and nature in these four phases reflects the transition from submission to nature through respect for nature, reconstruction of nature, and finally to the conquest of nature, respectively in the pre-construction period, original construction period, development period and modern period. The wisdom of the harmonious coexistence between social and natural systems has been revealed from the five aspects of the holistic view of Dao-Sheng-Wan-Wu (everything from the Tao), the practice view of Dao-Fa-Zi-Ran (following nature’s lead), the social view of sharing benefits across, the ethical view of Tao controls technology, and the good governance view of spontaneous order. Lastly, this paper points out several principles of landscape and urban planning in the presence of deep urban sustainability challenges: Coevolution of natural and social systems would help promote sustainability of human settlements; nature-guided human settlement practice can maintain various healthy life-support systems; maintain or reconstruct healthy natural process through planning practice; modular units should be constructed through integrating environmental management units with planned unit development; selfgovernance organizations could be fostered likely based on modular units; and finally but not lastly, some technology application should be subject to restriction of environmental ethics.

颜文涛（通信作者），同济大学建筑与城市规划学院，高密度人居环境生态与节能教育部重点实验室，教授；同济大学建筑与城市规划学院生态智慧与生态实践研究中心副主任。yanwt@tongji.edu.cn

象伟宁，同济大学建筑与城市规划学院生态智慧与生态实践研究中心，主任；美国北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校，教授。wnxiang@tongji.edu.cn

袁琳，清华大学建筑学院，助理教授；华南理工大学亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室。yuanlin2016@tsinghua.edu.cn

• [1] Rees W E. Urban Ecosystems: The Human Dimension[J]. Urban Ecosystems, 1997, 1(1): 63-75.

  [2] Reiner T A, Parr J B. A Note on the Dimensions of a National Settlement Pattern[J]. Urban Studies, 1980, 17(3): 223-230.

  [3] Antrop M. Landscape Change and the Urbanization Process in Europe[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2004, 67(1): 9-26.

  [4] Pickett S T A, Cadenasso M L, Grove J M, et al. Urban Ecological Systems: Scientific Foundations and a Decade of Progress[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2011, 92(3): 331-362.

  [5] Chen M X, Liu W D, Tao X L. Evolution and Assessment on China’s Urbanization 1960-2010: Under-urbanization or Over-urbanization?[J]. Habitat International, 2013, 38(1): 25-33.

  [6] Grimm N B, Faeth S H, Golubiewski N E, et al. Global Change and the Ecology of Cities[J]. Science, 2008, 319(5864): 756-760.

  [7] Alexander A. Different Paths, Same Mountain: Daoism, Ecology and the New Paradigm of Science[J]. International Journal of Green Economics, 2008, 2(2): 153-175.

  [8] 颜文涛, 萧敬豪, 胡海, 等. 城市空间结构的环境绩效：进展与思考[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2012(5): 50-59.

  [9] Wilson F D. Urban Ecology: Urbanization and Systems of Cities[J]. Annual Reviews Sociology, 1984, 10(1): 283-307.

  [10] Kalnay E, Cai M. Impact of Urbanization and Land-use Change on Climate[J]. Nature, 2003, 423(6939): 528-531.

  [11] Alberti M. The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function[J]. International Regional Science Review, 2005, 28(2): 168-192.

  [12] Cohen B. Urbanization in Developing Countries: Current Trends, Future Projections, and Key Challenges for Sustainability[J]. Technology in Society, 2006, 28(1): 63-80.

  [13] Seto K C, Sanchez-Rodriguez R, Fragkias M. The New Geography of Contemporary Urbanization and the Environment[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2010, 35(1): 167-194.

  [14] Wu J G. Urban Ecology and Sustainability: The State-of-the-Science and Future Directions[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014, 125(SI): 209-221.

  [15] Xiang W N. Working with Wicked Problems in Socio-Ecological Systems: Awareness, Acceptance, and Adaptation[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2013, 110(1), 1-4.

  [16] Friedmann J. Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.

  [17] Friedmann J. Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development[M]. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

  [18] Johnson W. The Politics of Urban Planning[M]. New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1989.

  [19] Kellogg W. Nature’s Neighborhood – Urban Environmental History and Neighborhood Planning[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2002, 68(4): 356-370.

  [20] Naveh Z. What Is Holistic Landscape Ecology? A Conceptual Introduction[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2000, 50(1-3): 7-26.

  [21] 谭徐明. 都江堰史[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2009.

  [22] Cao S Y, Liu X N, Er H A. Dujiangyan Irrigation System – A World Cultural Heritage Corresponding to Concepts of Modern Hydraulic Science[J]. Journal of Hydro-Environment, 2010, 4(1): 3-13.

  [23] Li K, Xu Z F. Overview of Dujiangyan Irrigation System Scheme of Ancient China with Current Theory[J]. Irrigation and Drainage, 2006, 55(3): 291-298.

  [24] Peng B. Dujiangyan Irrigation System: A Case of East Asia Local Knowledge with Universal Significance[J]. Frontiers of History in China, 2008, 3(4): 533-550.

  [25] 张蓉, 吴庆洲. 先秦至五代成都古城形态变迁研究[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2010.

  [26] Willmott W E. Dujiangyan: Irrigation and Society in Sichuan, China[J]. The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 1989, 22(22): 143-153.

  [27] Xiang W N. Doing Real and Permanent Good in Land Scape and Urban Planning: Ecological Wisdom for Urban Sustainability[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014, 121(SI): 65-69.

  [28] Zhang S H, Yi Y J, Liu Y, et al. Hydraulic Principles of the 2268-Year-Old Dujiangyan Project in China[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering – ASCE, 2013, 139(5): 538-546.

  [29] Peerenboom R P. Nonduality and Daoism[J]. International Philosophical Quarterly, 1992, 32(1): 35-53.

  [30] Richard S, David B. Taoism and Deep Ecology[J]. Ecologist, 1988, 18(4-5): 148-159.

  [31] Steiner F. Human Ecology: Following Nature’s Lead[M]. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002.

  [32] Jin Y T. Main Experiences on Design and Management of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System[J]. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 1988, 2(2): 173-184.

  [33] Tilt B, Braun Y, He D. Social Impacts of Large Dam Projects: A Comparison of International Case Studies and Implications for Best Practice[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2009, 90(3): S249-S257.

  [34] McCully P. Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams[M]. London: Zed Books, 2001.

  [35] Jowett I G. Instream Flow Methods: A Comparison of Approaches[J]. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, 1997, 13(2): 115-127.

  [36] Radder H. Pragmatism, Ethics, and Technology[J]. Research in Philosophy and Technology, 2004, 7(3): 10-18.

  [37] Higgs E, Light A, Strong D. Technology and the Good Life?[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.

  [38] Wong P H. Dao, Harmony and Personhood: Towards a Confucian Ethics of Technology[J]. Philosophy & Technology, 2012, 25(1): 67-86.

  [39] Doxiadis C A. Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human Settlements[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968.

  [40] Beng P. Spontaneity and Nonspontaneity in Wu-Wei as an Ethical Concept of Early Daoism[J]. Philosophia-International Journal of Philosophy, 2013, 14(1): 1-15.

  [41] 袁琳, 袁琳. 生态基础设施建设中的地区协作——古代都江堰灌区水系管治的启示[J]. 城市规划, 2016(8): 36-43.

  [42] Forman R T T. Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

  [43] Ahern J. Urban Landscape Sustainability and Resilience: The Promise and Challenges of Integrating Ecology with Urban Planning and Design[J]. Landscape Ecology, 2013, 28(6): 1203-1212.

  [44] Cumming G S. Spatial Resilience: Integrating Landscape Ecology, Resilience, and Sustainability[J]. Landscape Ecology, 2011, 26(7): 899-909.

  [45] Resilience Alliance. General Resilience: A Discussion Paper Based on Insights from a Catchment Management Area Workshop in South Eastern Australia[EB/OL]. [2014-10-25]. http://www.resalliance.org/discussion-papers.

  [46] Adger W N. Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related?[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 2000, 24(3): 347-364.

  [47] Wood J. Synergy City: Planning for a High Density, Super-symbiotic Society[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, 83(1): 77-83.

  [48] Liu J G, Dietz T, Carpenter S R, et al. Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems[J]. Science, 2007, 317(5844): 1513-1516.

  [49] Persha L, Agrawal A, Chhatre A. Social and Ecological Synergy: Local Rulemaking, Forest Livelihoods, and Biodiversity Conservation[J]. Science, 2011(331): 1606-1608.

  [50] 颜文涛, 王云才, 象伟宁. 城市雨洪管理实践需要生态实践智慧的引导[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(16): 4926-4928.

  [51] McHarg I L. Design with Nature[M]. New York: Natural History Press, 1969.

  [52] Berke P. The Evolution of Green Community Planning, Scholarship, and Practice: An Introduction to the Special Issue[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2008, 74(4): 393-407.

  [53] Register R. Ecocities: Rebuilding Cities in Balance with Nature[M]. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2006.

  [54] 颜文涛, 王正, 韩贵锋, 等. 低碳生态城规划指标及实施途径[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2011(3): 39-50.

  [55] 邹锦, 颜文涛, 曹静娜, 等. 绿色基础设施实施的规划学途径——基于与传统规划技术体系融合的方法[J]. 中国园林, 2014(9): 92-95.

  [56] 颜文涛，萧敬豪. 城乡规划法规与环境绩效——环境绩效视角下城乡规划法规体系的若干思考[J]. 城市规划, 2015(11): 39-47.

  
  

• 收起