[1] World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
[2] 国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 2015 中国卫生和计划生育统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国协和医科大学出版社, 2015.
[3] POPKIN B M. Will China’s nutrition transition overwhelm its health care system and slow economic growth?[J]. Health Affairs, 2008, 27(4): 1064-1076.
[4] 解垩. 中国居民慢性病的经济影响[J]. 世界经济文汇, 2011(3): 74-86.
[5] 郑晓瑛, 宋新明. 中国人口转变、经济发展与慢性病增长[J]. 中国高校社会科学, 2014(4): 109-118.
[6] WANG Y, MI J, SHAN X, et al. Is China facing an obesity epidemic and the consequences? the trends in obesity and chronic disease in China[J]. International Journal of Obesity, 2007, 31(1): 177-188.
[7] NG S W, NORTON E C, POPKIN B M. Why have physical activity levels declined among Chinese adults? findings from the 1991-2006 China Health and Nutrition Surveys[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2009, 68(7): 1305-1314.
[8] DAY K, ALFONZO M, CHEN Y, et al. Overweight, obesity, and inactivity and urban design in rapidly growing Chinese cities[J]. Health & Place, 2013, 21(5): 29-38.
[9] MORLAND K, WING S, ROUX A D. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents’ diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2002, 92(11): 1761-1767.
[10] LOON J V, FRANK L. Urban form relationships with youth physical activity: implications for research and practice[J]. Journal of Planning Literature, 2011, 26(3): 280-308.
[11] 谭少华, 郭剑锋, 江毅. 人居环境对健康的主动式干预:城市规划学科新趋势[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2010(4): 66-70.
[12] SILVER M. Planners and public health professionals need to partner…again[J]. North Carolina Medical Journal, 2012, 73(4): 290-296.
[13] 林雄斌, 杨家文. 北美都市区建成环境与公共健康关系的研究述评及其启示[J]. 规划师, 2015, 31(6): 2-19.
[14] 李志明, 张艺. 城市规划与公共健康:历史、理论与实践[J]. 规划师, 2015, 31(6): 5-11,26.
[15] 王兰, 廖舒文, 赵晓菁. 健康城市规划路径与要素辨析[J]. 国际城市规划, 2016, 31(4): 4-9.
[16] FENG J, GLASS T A, CURRIERO F C, et al. The built environment and obesity: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence[J]. Health & Place, 2010, 16(2): 175-190.
[17] SILVA V, GRANDE A J, RECH C R, et al. Geoprocessing via google maps for assessing obesogenic built environments related to physical activity and chronic noncommunicable diseases: validity and reliability[J]. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2015, 6(1): 41-54.
[18] CERVERO R, KOCKELMAN K. Travel demand and the 3Ds: density, diversity, and design[J]. Transportation Research D, 1997, 2(3): 199-219.
[19] EWING R, TIAN G, GOATES J P, et al. Varying influence of the built environment on household travel in 15 diverse regions of the United States[J]. Urban Studies, 2015, 52(13): 2330-2348.
[20] EWING R, CERVERO R. Travel and the built environment[ J ] . Transportation Research Record, 2001,1780: 87-114.
[21] EWING R, CERVERO R. Travel and the built environment: a meta-analysis[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2010, 76(3): 265-294.
[22] FRANK L D, SAELENS B E, POWELL K E, et al. Stepping towards causation: do built environments or neighborhood and travel preferences explain physical activity, driving, and obesity?[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2007, 65(9): 1898-1914.
[23] OWEN N, CERIN E, LESLIE E, et al. Neighborhood walkability and the walking behavior of Australian adults[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2007, 33(5): 387-395.
[24] GEBEL K, BAUMAN A E, SUGIYAMA T, et al. Mismatch between perceived and objectively assessed neighborhood walkability attributes: prospective relationships with walking and weight gain[J]. Health & Place, 2011, 17(2): 519-524.
[25] EWING R, SCHMID T, KILLINGSWORTH R, et al. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity[J]. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2003,18(1):47-57.
[26] EWING R, MEAKINS G, HAMIDI S, et al. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity – update and refinement[J]. Health & Place, 2014, 26(2): 118-126.
[27] KELLY-SCHWARTZ A C, STOCKARD J, DOYLE S, et al. Is Sprawl unhealthy? a multilevel analysis of the relationship of metropolitan sprawl to the health of individuals[J]. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2004, 24(24): 184-196.
[28] CASPI C E, SORENSEN G, SUBRAMANIAN S V, et al. The local food environment and diet: a systematic review[J]. Health & Place, 2012, 18(5): 1172-1187.
[29] KELLY B, FLOOD V M, YEATMAN H. Measuring local food environments: an overview of available methods and measures[J]. Health & Place, 2011, 17(6): 1284-1293.
[30] BLACK C, MOON G, BAIRD J. Dietary inequalities: what is the evidence for the effect of the neighbourhood food environment?[J]. Health & Place, 2014, 27(3): 229-242.
[31] LOPEZ R. Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2004, 94(9): 1574-1579.
[32] DOYLE S, KELLY-SCHWARTZ A, SCHLOSSBERG M, et al. Active community environments and health: the relationship of walkable and safe communities to individual health[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006, 72(1): 19-31.
[33] JOSHU C E, BEEHMER T K, BROWNSON R C, et al. Personal, neighbourhood and urban factors associated with obesity in the United States[J]. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2008, 62(3): 202-208.
[34] SAMIMI A, MOHAMMADIAN A, MADANIZADEH S. Effects of transportation and built environment on general health and obesity[J]. Transportation Research Part D, 2009, 14(1): 67-71.
[35] JAMES P, BERRIGAN D, HART J E, et al. Effects of buffer size and shape on associations between the built environment and energy balance[J]. Health & Place, 2014, 27(3): 162-170.
[36] DING D, GEBEL K. Built environment, physical activity and obesity: what have we learned from reviewing the literature?[J]. Health & Place, 2012, 18(1): 100-105.
[37] WIDENER M J, FARBER S, NEUTENS T, et al. Using urban commuting data to calculate a spatiotemporal accessibility measure for food environment studies[J]. Health & Place, 2013, 21: 1-9.
[38] KESTENS Y, LEBEL A, DANIEL M, et al. Using experienced activity spaces to measure foodscape exposure[J]. Health & Place, 2010, 16(6): 1094-1103.
[39] YU C. How differences in roadways affect school travel safety[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2015, 81(3): 203-220.
[40] LATHEY V, GUHATHAKURTA S, AGGARWAL R M. The impact of subregional variations in urban sprawl on the prevalence of obesity and related morbidity[J]. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2009, 29(2): 127-141.
[41] BARTON H, GRANT M. A health map for the local human habitat[J]. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 2006, 126(6):252-261.
[42] BARTON H. Land use planning and health and well-being[J]. Land Use Policy, 2009, 26(12): S115-S123.
[43] KERR J, ROSENBERG D, FRANK L. The role of the built environment in healthy aging: community design, physical activity, and health among older adults[J]. Journal of Planning Literature, 2012, 27(1): 43-60.
[44] CAO X, FAN Y. Exploring the influences of density on travel behavior using propensity score matching[J]. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 2012, 39(3): 459-470.
[45] LOPEZ-ZETINA J, LEE H, FRIIS R. The link between obesity and the built environment: evidence from an ecological analysis of obesity and vehicle miles of travel in California[J]. Health & Place, 2006, 12(4): 656-664.
[46] FORSYTH A, OAKES J M, LEE B, et al. The built environment, walking, and physical activity: is the environment more important to some people than others?[J]. Transportation Research Part D, 2009, 14(1): 42-49.
[47] CHALKIAS C, PAPADOPOULOS A G, KALOGEROPOULOS K, et al. Geographical heterogeneity of the relationship between childhood obesity and socio-environmental status: empirical evidence from Athens, Greece[J]. Applied Geography, 2013, 37(1): 34-43.
[48] FRANK L D, ANDRESEN M A, SCHMID T L. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2004, 27(2): 87-96.
[49] GILES-CORTI B, MACINTYRE S, CLARKSON J P, et al. Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity in Perth, Australia[J]. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2003, 18(1): 93-102.
[50] ZHAO P. The impact of the built environment on bicycle commuting: evidence from Beijing[J]. Urban Studies, 2014, 51(5): 1019-1037.
[51] SALLIS J F, BOWLES H R, BAUMAN A, et al. Neighborhood environments and physical activity among adults in 11 countries[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2009, 36(6): 484-490.
[52] FRANK L D, KERR J, SALLIS J F, et al. A hierarchy of sociodemographic and environmental correlates of walking and obesity[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2008, 47(2) : 172-178.
[53] WANG F, WEN M, XU Y. Population-adjusted street connectivity, urbanicity and risk of obesity in the US[J]. Applied Geography, 2013, 41(4): 1-14.
[54] POULIOU T, ELLIOTT S J. Individual and socio-environmental determinants of overweight and obesity in urban Canada[J]. Health & Place, 2010, 16(2): 389-398.
[55] GORDEN-LARSEN P, NELSON M C, PAGE P, et al. Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity[J]. Pediatrics, 2006, 117(2): 417-424.
[56] XU Y, WEN M, WANG F. Multilevel built environment features and individual odds of overweight and obesity in Utah[J]. Applied Geography, 2015, 60(S1): 197-203.
[57] GILLILAND J A, RANGEL C Y, HEALY M A, et al. Linking childhood obesity to the built environment: a multi-level analysis of home and school neighbourhood factors associated with body mass index[J]. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 2012, 103(S3): S15-S21.
[58] BELL J F, WILSON J S, LIU G C. Neighborhood greenness and 2-year changes in body mass index of children and youth[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2008, 35(6): 547-553.
[59] RUNDLE A, ROUX A V D, FREEMAN L M, et al. The urban environment and obesity in New York City: a multilevel analysis[J]. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2007, 21(4S): 326-334.
[60] SAELENS B E, SALLIS J F, BLACK J B, et al. Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation[J]. American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(9): 1552-1558.
[61] LI F, HARMER P, CARDINAL B J, et al. Built environment and changes in blood pressure in middle aged and older adults[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2009, 48(3): 237-241.
[62] FRANK L D, SALLIS J F, CONWAY T L, et al. Many pathways from land use to health: associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006, 72(1): 75-87.
[63] ZENK S, SCHULZ A, HOLLIS-NEELY T, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in african Americans: income and store characteristics[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2005, 29(1): 1-9.
[64] ROSE D, RICHARDS R. Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the us food stamp program[J]. Public Health Nutrition, 2004, 7(8): 1081-1088.
[65] MORLAND K, ROUX A V D, WING S. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2006, 30(4): 333-339.
[66] POWELL L M, AULD M C, CHALOUPKA F J, et al. Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2007, 33(4S): S301-S307.
[67] WANG M C, KIM S, GONZALEZ A A, et al. Socioeconomic and foodrelated physical characteristics of the neighbourhood environment are associated with body mass index[J]. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2007, 61(6): 491-498.
[68] LARSON N I, STORY M T, NELSON M C. Neighborhood environments–disparities in access to healthy food in the US[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2009, 36(1): 74-81.
[69] WALKER R E, KEANE C R, BURKE J G. Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: a review of food deserts literature[J]. Health & Place, 2010, 16(5): 876-884.
[70] FRASER L K, EDWARDS K L, CADE J, et al. The geography of fast food outlets: a review[J]. International Journal Environmental Research Public Health, 2010, 7(5): 2290-2308.
[71] XU Y, WANG F. Built environment and obesity by urbanicity in the US[J]. Health & Place, 2015, 34: 19-29.
[72] KWATE N O, YAU C, LOH J, et al. Inequality in obesigenic environments: fast food density in New York City[J]. Health & Place, 2009, 15(1): 364-373.
[73] PEARCE J, HISCOCK R, BLAKELY T, et al. A national study of the association between neighbourhood access to fast-food outlets and the diet and weight of local residents[J]. Health & Place, 2009, 15(1): 193-197.
[74] STEWART J E, BATTERSBY S, FEDE A L, et al. Diabetes and the socioeconomic and built environment: geovisualization of disease prevalence and potential contextual associations using ring maps[J]. International Journal of Health Geographics, 2011, 10(1): 1-10.
[75] 艾尔·巴比. 社会研究方法(第十一版)[M]. 北京: 华夏出版社, 2009: 88-119.
[76] MA J, MITCHELL G, DONG G, et al. Inequality in Beijing: a spatial multilevel analysis of perceived environmental hazard and self-rated health[J]. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2017, 107(1): 109-129. DOI:10.1080/24694452.2016.1224636.
[77] XU F, YIN X, ZHANG M. Family average income and body mass index above the healthy weight range among urban and rural residents in regional mainland China[J]. Public Health Nutrition, 2005, 8(1): 47-51.
[78] YANG J, FRENCH S. The travel-obesity connection: discerning the impacts of commuting trips with the perspective of individual energy expenditure and time use[J]. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 2013, 40(4): 617-629.
[79] ZICK C D, HANSON H, FAN J X, et al. Re-visiting the relationship between neighbourhood environment and BMI: an instrumental variables approach to correcting for residential selection bias[J]. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2013(10): 27-36.
[80] HOTGRAVE D R, CROSBY R. Is social capital a protective factor against obesity and diabetes? findings from an exploratory study[J]. Annals of epidemiology, 2006, 16(5): 406-408.
[81] COHEN D A, FINCH B K, BOWER A, et al. Collective efficacy and obesity: the potential influence of social factors on health[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2006, 62(3): 769-778.
[82] MOHNEN S M, GROENEWEGEN P P, VOLKER B, et al. Neighborhood social capital and individual health[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2011, 72(5): 660-667.
[83] JONES M, HUH J. Toward a multidimensional understanding of residentialneighborhood: a latent profile analysis of Los Angeles neighborhoods and longitudinal adult excess weight[J]. Health & Place, 2014, 27(3): 134-141.
[84] ZHANG W. Does compact land use trigger a rise in crime and a fall in ridership? a role for crime in the land use-travel connection[J]. Urban Studies, 2016, 53(14): 3007-3026.
[85] HANDY S, CAO X, MOKHTARIAN P. Correlation or causality between the built environment and travel behavior? evidence from Northern California[J]. Transportation Research Part D, 2005, 10(6): 427-444.
[86] CHI S H, GRIGSBY-TOUSSAINT D S, BRADFORD N, et al. Can geographically weighted regression improve our contextual understanding of obesity in the US? findings from the USDA Food Atals[J]. Applied Geography, 2013, 44(4): 134-142.
[87] EID J, OVERMAN H G, PUGA D, et al. Fat city: questioning the relationship between urban sprawl and obesity[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 2008, 63(2): 385-404.
[88] EWING R, BROWNSON R C, BERRIGAN D. Relationship between urban sprawl and weight of United States youth[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2006, 31(6): 464-474.
[89] BERRY T R, SPENCE J C, BLANCHARD C, et al. Changes in BMI over 6 years: the role of demographic and neighborhood characteristics[J]. International Journal of Obesity, 2010,34(8):1275-1283.
[90] XU F, LI J, LIANG Y, et al. Residential density and adolescent overweight in a rapidly urbanizing region of mainland China[J]. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2010,64(11):1017-1021.
[91] ALFONZO M, GUO Z, LIN L, et al. Walking, obesity and urban design in Chinese neighborhoods[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2014, 69: S79-S85.
[92] CHEN J, CHEN S, LANDRY P F. Migration, environmental hazards, and health outcomes in China[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2013, 80: 85-95.
[93] 孙斌栋, 阎宏, 张婷麟. 社区建成环境对健康的影响——基于居民个体超重的实证研究[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(10): 1721-1730.