Guo Lu

Keywords： Ancient Urban Form; Studies in the Western World; Locality; Global Vision; Comparative Study; Urban History

Abstract：

The study of ancient Chinese urban form is an important field of the western Sinology research, which had become comprehensive and in-depth since the mid-20th century. There are three main research issues: (1) general history of urban form focusingon universal features; (2) case studies with the exploration of diversity and interdisciplinary; (3) forming mechanism of urban forms in specific aspects. The vision of comparative study, the methods and technologies of modern science and the unique access to literature of these western studies could have a useful inspiration for the study of contemporary Chinese scholars. However, the limitations of their research standpoint and material acquisition scope have brought negative effects. In summary, the “local” research with a global vision is the future trend of development.

Funds：

• [1] 中国大百科全书总编辑委员会. 中国大百科全书·地理学[M]. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 2002: 43.

  [2] 侯且岸. 认知中国：文化研究的路径[M]. 北京: 北京出版社, 2006: 272.

  [3] EBERHARD W. Data on the structure of the Chinese city in the pre-Industrial period[J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1956(4): 253-268.

  [4] BOYD A. Chinese architecture and town planning 1500 B.C-A. D. 1911[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.

  [5] CHANG S D. Some observations on the morphology of Chinese walled cities[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1970, 60(1): 63-91.

  [6] STEINHARDT N S. Chinese imperial city planning[M]. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1990.

  [7] SCHINZ A. The magic square: cities in ancient China[M]. Stuttgart: Axel Menges, 1996.

  [8] BISHOP C W. An ancient Chinese capital[J]. Antiquity, 1938(12): 68-78.

  [9] 足立喜六. 长安史迹研究[M]. 王双怀等, 译. 西安: 三秦出版社, 2003.

  [10] JAMES S. The city walls of Han Ch’ang-an[J]. T’oung Pao, Second Series, 1978, 64(I-3): 1-46.

  [11] HENG C K. Cities of aristocrats and bureaucrats: the development of medieval Chinese cityscapes[M]. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1999.

  [12] XIONG V. Sui-Tang Chang’an: a study in the urban history of late medieval China[M]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.

  [13] RASMUSSEN S E. Towns and buildings: described in drawings and words[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1951.

  [14] SIT V F S. Beijing: the nature and planning of a Chinese capital city[M]. Chichester: Wiley, 1995.

  [15] STEINHARDT N S. Why were Chang’an and Beijing so different?[J]. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 1986, 45: 339-357.

  [16] XIONG V. Capital cities and urban form in pre-modern China: Luoyang, 1038 BCE to 938 CE[M]. New York: Routledge, 2016.

  [17] JOHNSTON R S. The ancient city of Suzhou: town planning in the Sung Dynasty[J]. The Town Planning Review, 1983, 54(2): 194-222.

  [18] XU Y. The Chinese city in space and time: the development of urban form in Suzhou[M]. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2000.

  [19] WHITEHAND J W R, GU K. Extending the compass of plan analysis: a Chinese exploration[J]. Urban Morphology, 2007(11): 91-109.

  [20] CONZEN M P, GU K, WHITEHAND J W R. Comparing traditional urban form in China and Europe: a fringe-belt approach[J]. Urban Geography, 2012, 33(1): 22-45.

  [21] TIMOTHY D. BAKER, JR. The urban-suburban spatial structure of Han and Tang Chang’ an[J]. 国立政治大学历史学报, 2011(35): 1-32.

  [22] GERNET J. Daily life in China on the eve of the Mongol invasion, 1250-1276[M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962.

  [23] HO P. Lo-yang. A.D. 495-534: A study of physical and socio-economic planning of a metropolitan area[J]. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1966, 26(3-4): 52-101.

  [24] MOTE F W. The transformation of Nanking, 1350-1400[M] // SKINNER G W, ed. The city in late imperial China[M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977: 101-153.

  [25] DRAY-NOVEY A. Spatial order and police in imperial Beijing[J].The Journal of Asian Studies, 1993, 52(4): 885-922.

  [26] NAQUIN S. Peking: temples and city life, 1400-1900[M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

  [27] FINNANE A. Speaking of Yangzhou: a Chinese city, 1550-1850[M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.

  [28] FEI S. Negotiating urban space: urbanization and late Ming Nanjing[M]. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Asia Center: Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2009.

  [29] LATTIMORE O. Inner Asian frontiers of China[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1940.

  [30] GAUBATZ P R. Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers[M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.

  [31] DOOLITTLE J. Vocabulary and handbook of the Chinese language[M]. Foochow: Rozario, Marcal and Co., 1872.

  [32] DE GROOT J J M. The religious system of China[M]. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1892.

  [33] COULING S, ed. The Encyclopedia Sinica[M]. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1917: 175

  [34] NEEDHAM J. Science and civilisation in China Vol. 2[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956: 359-363.

  [35] NEEDHAM J. Science and civilisation in China Vol. 4.1[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962: 239-244.

  [36] FEUCHTWANG S D R. An anthropological analysis of Chinese geomancy[M]. Vientiane: Vithagna Press, 1974: 112-172.

  [37] PATON M J. Five classics of Fengshui: Chinese spiritual geography in historical and environmental perspective[M]. Leiden Boston: Brill, 2013.

  [38] WHEATLEY P. The pivot of the four quarters: a preliminary enquiry into the origins and character of the ancient Chinese city[M]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1971: 425.

  [39] WRIGHT A F. The cosmology of the Chinese City [M] // SKINNER G W, ed. The city in late Imperial China[M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977: 76.

  [40] LEWIS M E. The construction of space in early China[M]. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005: 170-171.

  [41] PANKENIER D W. Astrology and cosmology in early China: conforming earth to heaven[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013: 317-329.

  [42] 周锡山. 王国维集( 第2 册)[M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2008: 324.