吉迪恩·博尔特 罗纳德·凡·肯彭

Gideon Bolt, Ronald van Kempen

关键词：社会混合, 城市政策, 荷兰

Keywords：Social Mix, Urban Policies, The Netherlands

摘要：

在荷兰的政策讨论与实践中，一个反复出现的主题就是努力创建混合的社区。在二战后的最初几年，基本的问题不是混合群体而是混合功能：通过混合各种不同的功能，诸如居住、工作和娱乐等，使地区内的居民能够开展各种活动而不用被迫离开。20 世纪60 年代，功能分区的理念取代了把地区看作是所有功能和人口混合在一个有限空间里的社会单元的理念，居住、就业和交通职能被分离开。20 世纪70 年代和80 年代，荷兰大城市中建于二战前的贫穷地区开展了大型的城市更新运动。在此期间，居住混合并不是一项明确的目标。到20 世纪80 年代末，一项新的住房政策开始占据主导。城市重构成为关键词：在社会租赁住房占据主导的地区，大量房屋不得不拆毁或更新，以便为那些价格更高的、通常是个人所有的住房留下空间。通过这种方式就可以抵制低收入家庭的高度集中。自2001 年以来，关于社会混合的争论一直在变换论调。在此之前，这场争论和政策都已经在社会经济用语中得到体现和表述。2001 年之后，与少数族裔在空间上集聚相关的问题变得尤为突出。

Abstract：

a recurrent theme in the Dutch policy discourse and practice is the strive for creating mixed neighbourhoods. In the first years after the Second World War the basic issue was not mixing groups, but mixing functions; by mixing different kinds of functions, such as housing, work, and recreation, the inhabitants would have much of their activity patterns in the district so that they did not have to leave the area. In the 1960s the idea of the district as a social unit, with all its functions and people mixed in a limited space, was replaced by the idea of functional separation. Housing, work, and transport were separated. In the 1970s and 1980s large-scale urban renewal activities were undertaken in the deprived pre-WWII areas of the large Dutch cities. In this period, the residential mix was not an explicit target. By the end of the 1980s a new housing policy became dominant. Urban restructuring became the key word: a large number of social rented dwellings in the areas that were dominated by this housing segment had to be demolished or upgraded, in order to make room for more expensive, often owneroccupied dwellings. In this way, concentrations of low-income households could be countered. Since 2001 the debate on the social mix changed in tone. Until then the debate and the policies had been conducted and expressed in socioeconomic terms. After 2001, the problems associated with spatial concentrations of minority ethnic groups were featured explicitly.

吉迪恩博尔特，荷兰乌得勒支大学地球科学学院城市与区域研究中心，高级讲师

罗纳德凡肯彭，荷兰乌得勒支大学地球科学学院城市与区域研究中心，教授

买静，南京大学建筑与城市规划学院，硕士研究生

罗震东，南京大学建筑与城市规划学院，副教授，博士，硕导；荷兰乌得勒支大学人

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