杨滔

Yang Tao

关键词：城市分区；空间句法；微小波动；涌现；尺度协调；一维与二维

Keywords：Urban Parts; Space Syntax; Small Disturbance; Emergence; Scale Coordination;One & Two Dimensions

摘要：

根据社会、经济、认知、功能、交通等，城市常常被分为成不同的地区，而这些分区的形成是否具有形态学意义上的内在空间机制？对此机制的剖析，有助于我们在规划设计实践中建构城市的分区。本文从几何的角度，重点研究了城市街道/分区与其周边地段的相互关联，发现它们融入周边地段的过程存在微小的波动，体现为道路密度在不同尺度上非匀质的变化，大体上导致了“中心—边缘”和“边缘—中心”两种分区模式，分别对应聚集和分散两种活动。在一定程度上，这反映了城市分区的空间几何规律：涌现生成，即分区模式突现于局部街道连通度的变化；尺度浮动，即分区随尺度的变化而变化；远程效应，即分区外部的街道构成也影响分区本身的空间构成。因此，城市分区现象并不是简单的空间分割，其边界也不是固定的；城市分区源于不同尺度的城市空间子网络之间的相互作用，对应于不同规模的社会经济活动；城市分区的空间几何机制源于局部的一维线性空间和全局的二维空间之间的平衡，对应于街道行走和场地占据之间的平衡。

Abstract：

A city is usually partitioned into different parts according to socio-economic, perceptive, functional, or traffic variables. However, are those parts created by any kind of spatial mechanism in terms of morphology? To answer this question will enable us to build urban parts in the practice of urban planning and design. From the perspective of geometry, this paper focuses the attention on the way in which urban streets/parts are spatially embedded into their surroundings with an increase of radius, and this process is called the embeddedness trajectory. Tiny deviations – or called small disturbances – identified on the embeddedness trajectory reflect the discontinuities in the change rate of street densities with radii, and this is embodied as the centre-to-edge and the edge-to-centre patterns, corresponding to the phenomena of aggregation and diffusion. To some extent, this suggests several effects in the formation of urban parts. The first is the emergence effect, meaning that urban parts arise from the change in interconnectivity of streets; the second is the scaling effect, denoting that the parts vary with the scale in which we observe them; the third is the remote effect, representing that the spatial formation of the parts are also affected by the structuring of their surroundings. In this sense, urban parts do not simply result from the partitioning of space, or their boundaries are not fixed either. On the contrary, they arise from the interaction among the different scales of sub-networks in which they are generated, and therefore they correspond to the different scales of socio-economic activities. This implies the basic geometric question of how one-dimensional linear spaces on the local level are arranged to occupy two-dimensional places on the global level, or of how to balance two kinds of activities, namely street walking and place occupation.

杨滔，清华大学建筑学院，住房和城乡建设部城乡规划管理中心，副研究员。taoyang128@qq.com

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