张纯 李蕾 夏海山

Zhang Chun, Li Lei, Xia Haishan

关键词：智慧城市；理性规划；计量革命；多元目标；行动框架

Keywords：Smart City; Rational Planning; Metering Revolution; Multiple Goals; Action Framework

摘要：

智慧城市在全球推广，尝试通过智能手段解决城市发展中的管理、环境、交通和基础设施等方面存在的问题，在中国城市中广泛提倡。本文从城市规划视角出发，从理论演变、概念初衷、评价体系、国际实践、应用中的局限和应对等方面，对智慧城市进行审视和反思。首先，本文追溯智慧城市的理论根源，发现智慧城市的提出不仅受到计量革命以来的理性规划范式的影响，并且贯穿于20世纪以来西方城市规划思潮演变过程的始终。其次，通过综述目前的国际研究，发现智慧城市的初衷包含有效、公平、宜居和可持续等多元目标。以欧盟为例的智慧城市评价体系，涵盖了智慧经济、智慧人群、智慧管理、智慧移动、智慧环境和智慧生活等多维度测度标准，并在全球城市规划的多个领域中实践应用。最后，为了应对在国际智慧城市实践中面临的组织、管理、安全和信息技术等方面的挑战，可以建立一体化的行动框架加以应对；提倡智慧城市，不仅是口号更应付诸行动，更应关注组织和政策的共同力量。本文通过对智慧城市的审视与反思，认为信息技术在一定程度上可以提升智能化程度，但其本身并不能让城市更智慧。只有在组织、政策和技术的共同作用下，智慧的理念、前瞻的思维方式、可持续性的计划才能将城市引向智慧发展之路。这对中国未来城市智慧化发展，解决快速城市化中的交通、社会和环境问题提供了借鉴和启示。

Abstract：

The concept of Smart City spread globally, trying to deal with the problems such us urban management, environment, transportation and infrastructure. This concept also highly promoted in China recently. This paper reexamines Smart City from aspects of theoretical roots, concept initials, evaluation systems, international practices, and also its limitations and response. First, it traces the theoretical roots of Smart City and finds that it is not only influenced by rational planning after the Metering Revolution, but also penetrates through the western planning theories since the second half of 20th century. Second, accumulative researches define the concept of Smart City with multiple aims including efficiency, equality, livability and sustainability. Take the EU Smart City evaluation system as example, it covers multidimensional indicators from six aspects such as smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobile, smart environment and smart community. Third, in the global Smart City practices, it also faces challenges from organization, governance, safety and privacy, and also IT. An integration action framework is established to respond these challenges. This paper emphasizes the importance of organization and policy, advocating Smart City is more an action than just a slogan. It concludes that technology may be helpful to increase the degree of intelligent, but it can neither make city smarter by itself, nor solve the real social and environmental problems in the quick urbanization. The implications of this paper lie in that the Smart City initiatives cannot be meet by just promoting IT, but need the integration of organization, policy, technique to promote smart city in a farsighted and sustainable way. This paper also provides implication for solving the social, transportation and environmental problems and building future smarter city practice in China.

张纯，北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院，副教授；北京大学- 林肯研究院城市发展与土地政策研究中心兼职研究员

李蕾，北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院，讲师

夏海山（通信作者），北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院院长，教授，博士生导师。hshxia@bjtu.edu.cn

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