点击排行
 
正文
全文下载次数:1828
2016年第2期   DOI:
基于儿童安全的城市开放空间研究述评
Urban Open Space Research Review Based on Children’s Safety

钟乐 龚鹏 古新仁

Zhong Le, Gong Peng, Gu Xinren

关键词:儿童安全;城市开放空间;规划设计; 安全评价

Keywords:Children Safety; Urban Open Space; Planning and Design; Safety Evaluation

摘要:

目前,我国儿童在城市开放空间中遭受伤害的现象呈上升趋势,而发达国家对儿童开放空间安全性方面的研究较为成熟。通过对国外儿童安全开放空间的相关研究进行综述,其发展历程可划分为萌芽阶段、起步阶段、发展阶段、成熟阶段与飞跃阶段,呈现出研究内容多元化、关注点人性化的趋势。该研究对我国儿童的城市开放空间规划与设计具有借鉴意义。

Abstract:

At present, children in cities suffer damage phenomenon in the open space is on the rise, is worthy of learning, and research on the safety of children’s open space in the developed countries is relatively mature. On foreign studies about the safety of children in the urban open space, its development has experienced the germination stage, the early stage, development stage, mature stage and leap stage. A general research content is more and more diversified, focus more and more humanistic trend. The study has reference significance on Chinese urban children open space planning and design.

版权信息:
基金项目:
作者简介:

钟乐,江西农业大学园林与艺术学院,博士研究生

龚鹏,江西农业大学园林与艺术学院,博士研究生

古新仁(通信作者),江西农业大学园林与艺术学院,教授、博导。443196863@qq.com


译者简介:

参考文献:
  • [1] 国家统计局. 第六次全国人口普查汇总数据[EB/OL]. [2015-07-19]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm.

    [2] 张谊. 国外城市儿童户外公共活动空间需求研究述评[J]. 国际城市规划, 2011, 26(4): 47-55.

    [3] Baranowski Tom, Thompson W O, Durant R H, et al. Observations on Physical Activity in Physical Locations: Age, Gender, Ethnicity, and Month Effects[J]. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1993, 64(2): 127-133.

    [4] 王国勇, 程杰. 中葡都市青少年体力活动、健康体能的比较研究——以上海市和布拉加两城市为例[J]. 北京体育大学学报, 2009, 32(10): 60-63.

    [5] 丁宇. 儿童空间利益与城市规划基本价值研究[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2009(7): 177-181.

    [6] 中国疾病预防控制中心. 儿童伤害报告发布 伤害成我国儿童死亡首因[EB/OL]. (2012-07-03)[2013-08-17]. http://www.chinacdc.cn/mtdx/mxfcrxjbxx/201207/t20120703_63922.htm.

    [7] 佘依爽. 城市儿童意外伤害的户外环境因素[D]. 北京大学, 2008.

    [8] 陈乙南. 美国各州颁布实施儿童户外权利法案的启示[J]. 当代青年研究, 2012, 6: 282-285.

    [9] 杨滨章. 执着的探索,丰硕的成果——丹麦儿童游戏场地发展的历程与启示[J]. 中国园林, 2011, 5: 45-49.

    [10] 杨滨章. 快乐的天地 成长的乐园——丹麦儿童游戏场地设计艺术探析[J]. 中国园林, 2010, 11: 57-62.

    [11] 赵乃莉, 熊亮. 城市户外儿童活动场的安全设计[J]. 现代园林, 2009, 9: 31-34.

    [12] Piaget J. The Language and Thought of the Child[M]. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1928.

    [13] Bundy A C, Naughton G, Tranter P, et al. The Sydney Playground Project: Popping the Bubblewrap - Unleashing the Power of Play: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of a Primary School Playground-based Intervention Aiming to Increase Children’s Physical Activity and Social Skills[J]. BMC Public Health, 2011, 11: 680-687.

    [14] Ozdemir A, Yilmaz O. Assessment of Outdoor School Environments and Physical Activity in Ankara’s Primary Schools[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2008, 28(3): 287-300.

    [15] Ellaway A, Kirkl A, Macintyre S, et al. Nowhere to Play? The Relationship Between the Location of Outdoor Play Areas and Deprivation in Glasgow[J]. Health & Place, 2007, 13(2): 557-561.

    [16] Weir L A, Etelson D, Brand D A. Parents’ Perceptions of Neighborhood Safety and Children’s Physical Activity[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2006, 43(3): 212-217.

    [17] Ohri-Vachaspati P, Lloyd K, DeLia D, et al. A Closer Examination of the Relationship Between Children’s Weight Status and the Food and Physical Activity Environment[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2013, 57(3): 162-167.

    [18] Potwarka L R, Kaczynski A T, Flack A L. Places to Play: Association of Park Space and Facilities with Healthy Weight Status among Children[J]. Community Health, 2008, 33(5): 344-350.

    [19] Amouzegar Z, Naeini H S. Design Principle of Playgrounds’ Equipments

    and Spaces for Children: An Interaction Education Approach[J]. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2010, 2(2): 1968-1971.

    [20] Yuill N, Strieth S, Roake C, et al. Brief Report: Designing a Playground for Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders - Effects on Playful Peer Interactions[J]. Autism Dev Disord, 2007, 37(6): 1192-1196.

    [21] Phelan K J, Khoury J, Kalkwarf H J, et al. Trends and Patterns of Playground Injuries in United States Children and Adolescents[J]. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 2001, 1(4): 227-233.

    [22] Loder R T. The Demographics of Playground Equipment Injuries in Children[J]. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 2008, 43(4): 691-699.

    [23] Weperen W V, Rogmans W H J. An Overall Approach to the Safety of Playgrounds[J]. Safety Science, 1991, 14(2): 103-108.

    [24] Powell E C, Ambardekar E J, Sheehan K M. Poor Neighborhoods: Safe Playgrounds[J]. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2005, 82(3): 403-410.

    [25] Roderick L M. The Ergonomics of Children in Playground Equipment Safety[J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2004, 35(3): 249-254.

    [26] Kwon E, Zhang Hongquan, Wang Zhongwen, et al. Arsenic on the Hands of Children after Playing in Playgrounds[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2004, 112(14): 1375-1380.

    [27] Hamula C, Wang Zhongwen, Zhang Hongquan, et al. Chromium on the Hands of Children After Playing in Playgrounds Built from Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)Treated Wood[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006, 114(3): 460-465.

    [28] Guneya M, Zagurya G J, Doganb N, et al. Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization from Trace Elements Following Soil Ingestion by Children Exposed to Playgrounds, Parks and Picnic Areas[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 182(1-3): 656-664.

    [29] Aarts M J, Mathijssen J J P, Oers J A M V, et al. Associations Between Environmental Characteristics and Active Commuting to School Among Children: A Cross-sectional Study[J]. International Society of Behavioral Medicine, 2013, 20(4): 538-555.

    [30] Fyhri A, Hjorthol R, Mackett R L, et al. Children’s Active Travel and Independent Mobility in Four Countries: Development, Social Contributing Trends and Measures[J]. Transport Policy, 2011, 18(5): 703-710.

    [31] Gielen A C , DeFrancesco S , Bishai D, et al. Child Pedestrians: The Role of Parental Beliefs and Practices in Promoting Safe Walking in Urban Neighborhoods[J]. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2004, 81(4): 545-555.

    [32] Ipingbemi O, Aiworo A B. Journey to School, Safety and Security of School Children in Benin City, Nigeria[J]. Transportation Research Part F, 2013(19): 77-84.

    [33] Nevelsteena K, Steenberghena T, Rompaey A V, et al. Controlling Factors of the Parental Safety Perception on Children’s Travel Mode Choice[J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2012(45): 39-49.

    [34] Christie N, Kimberlee R, Towner E, et al. Children Aged 9–14 Living in Disadvantaged Areas in England: Opportunities and Barriers for Cycling[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2011, 19(4): 943-949.

    [35] Fyhri A, Hjorthol R. Children’s Independent Mobility to School, Friends and Leisure Activities[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2009, 17(5): 377-384.

    [36] Bringolf-Isler B, Grize L, M?der U, et al. Built Environment, Parents’ Perception, and Children’s Vigorous Outdoor Play[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2010, 50(5-6): 251-256.

    [37] Villanueva K, Giles-Corti B, Bulsara M, et al. How Far Do Children Travel from Their Homes? Exploring Children’s Activity Spaces in Their Neighborhood[J]. Health &Place, 2012, 18(2): 263-273.

    [38] Fagerholm N, Broberg A. Mapping and Characterising Children’s Daily Mobility in Urban Residential Areas in Turku, Finland[J]. Fennia International Journal of Geography, 2011, 189(2): 31-46.

    [39] Conna J M, Annesta J, Bossarteb R M, et al. Non-fatal Sports and Recreational Violent Injuries Among Children and Teenagers, United States, 2001-2003[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2006, 9: 479-489.

    [40] Loder R T, Abrams S. Temporal Variation in Childhood Injury from Common Recreational Activities[J]. Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured, 2011, 42(9): 945-957.

    [41] Hon K L , Cheung K L, Leung T F, et al. Severe Childhood Injuries and Poisoning in a Densely Populated City: Where Do They Occur and What Type?[J]. Journal of Critical Care, 2010, 25(1): 175.e7-175.e12.

    [42] Fraga A M A, Fraga G P, Stanley C, et al. Children at Danger: Injury Fatalities Among Children in San Diego County[J]. European Journal of Epidemiology, 2010, 25(3): 211-217.

    [43] Loder R T. The Demographics of Playground Equipment Injuries in Children[J]. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 2008, 43(4): 691-699.

    [44] Sepa D, Thiesb K C. Strangulation Injuries in Children[J]. Resuscitation, 2007, 74(2): 386-391.

    [45] Castonguay G, Jutras S. Children’s Appreciation of Outdoor Places in a Poor Neighborhood[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2009, 29(1): 101-109.

    [46] Oloumia S, Mahdavinejad M, Namvarradc A. Evaluation of Outdoor Environment from the Viewpoint of Children Procedia[J]. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012, 35(1): 431-439.

    [47] Francis M. Negotiating Between Children and Adult Design Values in Open Space Projects[J]. Design Studies, 1988, 9(2): 67-75.

    [48] Dollman J, Maherb C, Oldsb T S, et al. Physical Activity and Screen Time Behaviour in Metropolitan, Regional and Rural Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study of Australians Aged 9–16 Years[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2012, 15(7): 32-37.

    [49] Mitchell H, Kearns R A, Collins D C A. Nuances of Neighbourhood: Children’s Perceptions of the Space Between Home and School in Auckland, New Zealand[J]. Geoforum, 2007, 38(4): 614-627.

    [50] Timperio A, Salmon J, Ball K, et al. Neighborhood Characteristics and TV Viewing in Youth: Nothing to Do But Watch TV?[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2012, 15(2): 122-128.

    [51] Schreuer N, Sachs D, Rosenblum S. Participation in Leisure Activities: Differences Between Children with and Without Physical Disabilities[J]. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2014, 35(1): 223-233.

    [52] Soltania S H K, Abbasb M Y, Awangc M B. Disabled Children in Public Playgrounds: A Pilot Study[J]. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012(36): 670-676.

    [53] Abdou S M I. Inclusion of Physically Disabled Children Through Environmental Rehabilitation of Urban Spaces Case Study: AL Azhar Park, Cairo, Egypt[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2011(21): 53-58.

    [54] Ergler C R, Kearns R A, Witten K. Seasonal and Locational Variations in Children’s Play: Implications for Wellbeing[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2013(91): 178-185.

    [55] Li W M, Kite J, Merom D, et al. Time Spent Playing Outdoors After School and Its Relationship with Independent Mobility: A Cross-sectional Survey of Children Aged 10–12 Years in Sydney, Australia[J]. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2009, 6(1): 68-72.

    [56] Kottyan G, Kottyan L, Edwards N M. Assessment of Active Play, Inactivity and Perceived Barriers in an Inner City Neighborhood[J]. Community Health, 2013, 7: 48-52.

    [57] Timperio A, Crawford D, Telford A, et al. Perceptions About the Local Neighborhood and Walking and Cycling Among Children[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2004, 38(1): 39-47.

    [58] Foster S, Villanueva K, Wood L, et al. The Impact of Parents’ Fear of Strangers and Perceptions of Informal Social Control on Children’s Independent Mobility[J]. Health &Place, 2014(26): 60-68.

    [59] 中村攻. 儿童易遭侵犯的空间分析及其对策[M]. 卡米力·肖开提, 章俊华, 译. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2006.

    [60] 高杰, 章俊华, 白祖华. 区域环境对儿童活动场所的影响:以日本儿童遭遇犯罪的空间环境分析为例[J]. 中国园林, 2006, 1: 59-65.

    [61] Komiya N. Community Safety Maps for Children in Japan: An Analysis from a Situational Crime Prevention Perspective[J]. Asian Criminology, 2011, 6: 131-140.

    [62] 简·雅各布斯. 美国大城市的死与生[M]. 金衡山,译. 南京: 译林出版社, 2006.

    [63] Alexander C. A City Is Not a Tree[J]. Architectural Forum, 1965, 122(1): 58-62.

    [64] 扬·盖尔. 交往与空间[M]. 何人可, 译. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2002.

    [65] 克莱尔·库珀·马库斯, 卡罗琳·弗朗西斯. 人性场所——城市开放空间设计导则[M]. 俞孔坚, 孙鹏, 王志芳, 等, 译. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2007.

    [66] Stephens R. Children, Playspace and Cpted[R]. 10th Conference of the International CPTED Association (ICA), 1-3 August 2005, Santiago, Chili.


《国际城市规划》编辑部    北京市车公庄西路10号东楼E305/320    100037
邮箱:upi@vip.163.com  电话:010-58323806  传真:010-58323825
京ICP备13011701号-6  京公网安备11010802014223

7775444