点击排行
 
正文
全文下载次数:662
2020年第2期   DOI:10.19830/j.upi.2018.407
大都市公交导向开发的规划与政策:深圳与西雅图的对比
Planning and Policies for Transit-oriented Development in Megacities: A Comparative Study Between Shenzhen

林雄斌 徐媛 董美璇 林堉楠 黄赞 徐可

Lin Xiongbin, Xu Yuan, Dong Meixuan, Lin Yunan, Huang Zan, Xu Ke

关键词:公交导向开发;交通规划与政策;公交都市;大都市;深圳;西雅图

Keywords:Transit-oriented Development; Transport Planning and Policy; Transit Metropolis; Megacity Area; Shenzhen; Seattle

摘要:

当前,大都市的交通拥堵和环境污染等问题已经成为制约宜居城市建设的重要因素,推进公交导向开发(TOD)和公交都市建设成为国内外大都市空间发展与交通战略的焦点。理解公交导向开发的融资、规划和政策等制定机制是评估其实施效果的重要前提。受限于不同的空间和体制差异,TOD 政策及实施通常呈现不同侧重点,进而导致不同的实施效果。本文以深圳和西雅图的TOD 政策为对比案例,探讨中美不同空间和体制背景下TOD 在发展理念、融资结构、物质形态等方面的异同,有助于深入理解公交都市建设的内涵和优化路径。研究表明,与深圳市相比,西雅图TOD 政策注重轨道交通与低收入社区的融合,以政府补贴或鼓励市场参与来推进轨道交通站点周边保障性住房建设;在规划、融资及实施等环节,注重“谁受益、谁支付”原则来推进轨道交通的多元融资,且注重利益相关主体的深入参与,以提升方案可实施性。基于此,我国未来公交导向开发应加强轨道交通与低收入群体的空间融合,推进轨道交通多渠道融资,并加强融资政策和规划方案制定的公众参与。

Abstract:

The negative externalities of urban growth and rapid motorization, such as traffic congestion and environmental decline, have become major obstacles to sustainable development. As a response, strategies for promoting transit-oriented development (TOD) and transit metropolis are increasingly becoming a huge concern in the field of transportation planning and policies. The decision-making and implementation of TOD would be subject to diverse spatial and policy framework, leading to different effects of TOD. By using the policy and implementation of TOD in Shenzhen and Seattle as a case, this study attempts to understand how TOD’s planning vision, financing structure, and physical elements can vary significantly, which can provide certain insights to better understand the strategies of TOD between China and the United States. Compared to Shenzhen experiences, the policies of TOD in Seattle focus more on the provision of affordable housing around rail station areas, the instruments to secure alternative funds for rail transit based on benefit principles, and the establishment of a platform for stakeholder collaboration. China’s TODs should pay more attention to the integration of rail transit and affordable housing, new approaches to fund rail transit, and multiple interest groups’ involvement in decision-making.

版权信息:
基金项目:宁波市自然科学基金(2019A610042),浙江省自然科学基金(LQ19D010003),北京大学—林肯研究院研究基金(FS01-20191015-LXB)
作者简介:

林雄斌,宁波大学地理与空间信息技术系讲师,北京大学—华盛顿大学(西雅图)联合培养博士。xiongbinlin@126.com
徐媛,杭州市规划和自然资源局余杭分局,北京大学城市规划与设计学院
董美璇,深圳市京东都市产业运营有限公司,北京大学城市规划与设计学院
林堉楠,广东省城乡规划设计研究院,北京大学城市规划与设计学院
黄赞,湖南省娄底市娄星区双江乡人民政府,北京大学城市规划与设计学院
徐可,浙江省发展规划研究院,北京大学城市规划与设计学院

译者简介:

参考文献:
  • [1] 国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴(2019)[M]. 北京:中国统计出版社, 2019.
    [2] 国家统计局. 国家数据查询[EB/OL]. [2018-11-25]. http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01.
    [3] LIN X, ZHOU M, LE X, et al. Assessing motor vehicle quota policies in China: social welfare perspective[J]. Transportation research record: journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2016, 2581: 1-8.
    [4] 中国城市轨道交通协会. 城市轨道交通2018 年统计和分析报告[R]. 2019.
    [5] CERVERO R. Transit-oriented development in the United States: experiences, challenges, and prospects[M]. Transportation Research Board, 2004.
    [6] 林雄斌, 杨家文, 李贵才, 等. 跨市轨道交通溢价回收策略与多层级管治:以珠三角为例[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(2): 222-230.
    [7] MATHUR S, SMITH A. A decision-support framework for using value capture to fund public transit: lessons from project-specific analyses[R]. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2012.
    [8] 郑思齐, 胡晓珂, 张博, 等. 城市轨道交通的溢价回收:从理论到现实[J]. 城市发展研究, 2014, 21(2): 35-41.
    [9] LUAN X, LIN X, MCGUINNESS E, et al. Emerging public-private partnerships in China’s rail mass transit: case of Shenzhen[J]. Transportation research record: journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2014, 2450: 127-135.
    [10] JUNGE J R, LEVINSON D. Financing transportation with land value taxes: effects on development intensity[J]. Journal of transport and land use, 2012, 5(1): 49-63.
    [11] SMITH J J, GIHRING T A. Financing transit systems through value capture: an annotated bibliography[J]. American journal of economics and sociology, 2006, 65(3): 751-786.
    [12] ZHAO Z J, LARSON K. Special assessments as a value capture strategy for public transit finance[J]. Public works management & policy, 2011, 16(4): 320-340.
    [13] ZHAO Z J, DAS K V, LARSON K. Joint development as a value capture strategy in transportation finance[J]. Journal of transport and land use, 2012, 5(1): 5-17.
    [14] 樊杰, 孙威. 中国人文—经济地理学科进展及展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2011, 30(12): 1459-1469.
    [15] 王法辉, 刘瑜, 王姣娥. 交通网络与城市结构研究:理论框架与中美两国实证案例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2014, 33(10): 1289-1299.
    [16] 潘海啸, 薛松, 赵婷. 多模式平衡交通体系的构建:自行车与轨道交通间的换乘[J]. 现代城市研究, 2012, 27(9): 23-27.
    [17] CERVERO R, KOCKELMAN K. Travel demand and the 3ds: density, diversity, and design[J]. Transportation research part d: transport and environment, 1997, 2(3): 199-219.
    [18] EWING R, CERVERO R. Travel and the built environment: a meta-analysis[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2010, 76(3): 265-294.
    [19] 李燕, 王芳. 北京的人口、交通和土地利用发展战略: 基于东京都市圈的比较分析[J]. 经济地理, 2017, 37(4): 5-14.
    [20] 林雄斌, 刘健, 田宗星, 等. 轨道交通引导用地密度与地价的时空效应:以深圳市为例[J]. 经济地理, 2016, 36(9): 27-34.
    [21] 胡敏. 轨道交通对城市空间布局的影响探析[J]. 现代城市研究, 2007, 22(11): 34-39.
    [22] 王姣娥. 公交导向型城市开发机理及模式构建[J]. 地理科学进展, 2013, 32(10): 1470-1478.
    [23] 高朋.“ 轨道+ 土地”的轨道交通建设模式的理论与实践:以北京市大兴线为例[J]. 城市问题, 2013(3): 46-50.
    [24] 王晓原, 单刚, 鹿斌佐. 公交主导发展战略和可持续发展[J]. 城市问题, 2008(5): 23-27.
    [25] Center for Transit-oriented Development. Planning for TOD at the regional scale: the big picture[R]. 2011.
    [26] Center for Neighborhood Technology. Transit-oriented development in the Chicago region: efficient and resilient communities for the 21st century[R]. 2013.
    [27] 潘海啸. 面向低碳的城市空间结构: 城市交通与土地使用的新模式[J]. 城市发展研究, 2010, 17(1): 40-45.
    [28] ZHANG M. Chinese edition of transit-oriented development[J]. Transportation research record: journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2007, 2038: 120-127.
    [29] 蒋海兵, 张文忠, 祁毅, 等. 区域交通基础设施可达性研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2013, 32(5): 807-817.
    [30] Puget Sound Regional Council. Commute Mode Share[EB/OL]. [2018-11-25]. https://www.psrc.org/commute-mode-share.
    [31] 深圳市统计局, 国家统计局深圳调查队. 深圳统计年鉴(2019)[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2019.
    [32] 深圳市地铁集团有限公司. 深圳市地铁集团有限公司2016 年年度报告[R]. 2016.
    [33] 国家发展改革委. 关于深圳市城市轨道交通第四期建设规划(2017-2022 年) 的批复[R]. 2017.
    [34] EXNER R. 2016 Census population estimates for every U.S. city, county, state [EB/OL]. [2017-12-10]. http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/.
    [35] Sound Transit. Link light rail[EB/OL]. [2017-12-10]. https://www.soundtransit.org/Rider-Guide/link-light-rail.
    [36] 陈方, 戢晓峰, 吉选, 等. 城市内交通公平的测度及其空间分异[J]. 经济地理, 2015, 35(4): 70-75.
    [37] 林雄斌, 杨家文, 丁川. 迈向更加可支付的机动性与住房: 公交导向开发及其公平效应的规划解析[J]. 城市规划, 2018, 42(9): 122-130.
    [38] Seattle Office of Planning & Community Development. Seattle 2035 growth and equity: analyzing impacts on displacement and opportunity related to Seattle’s growth strategy[R]. 2016.
    [39] 王德, 干迪, 朱查松, 等. 上海市郊区空间规划与轨道交通规划的协调性研究[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2012(1): 17-22.
    [40] Sound Transit. Sound transit 2017 adopted budget[R]. 2016.
    [41] DICKENS M. Value capture for public transportation projects: examples[R]. American Public Transportation Association, 2015.
    [42] Seattle Department of Planning and Development. Minimum density (floor area requirement) legislation[R]. 2014.
    [43] 王雪松, 彭建. 美国大都市区最新综合交通规划比较研究[J]. 国际城市规划, 2012, 27(1): 90-98.
    [44] City of Seattle. Seattle 2035: managing growth to become an equitable and sustainable city (2015-2035) [R]. 2016.
    [45] YANG J, CHEN J, LE X, et al. Density-oriented versus development-oriented transit investment: decoding metro station location selection in Shenzhen[J]. Transport policy, 2016, 51: 93-102.
    [46] Center for Transit-oriented Development. Mixed-income housing near transit: increasing affordability with location efficiency[R]. Washington, D.C., 2009.

《国际城市规划》编辑部    北京市车公庄西路10号东楼E305/320    100037
邮箱:upi@vip.163.com  电话:010-58323806  传真:010-58323825
京ICP备13011701号-6  京公网安备11010802014223

7795099