冯旭 张湛新 潘传杨 王文钟

Feng Xu, Zhang Zhanxin, Pan Chuanyang, Wang Wenzhong

关键词：人口收缩 ；乡村活力 ；国际比较 ；村庄分类 ；乡村振兴 ；国土空间规划

Keywords：Population Shrinkage; Rural Vitality; International Comparison; Villiage Classification; Rural Vitalization; Spatial Planning

摘要：

产业全球化推动了世界范围的城市化进程，但也使大部分国家和地区面临着乡村人口收缩带来的活力衰退问题。在此背景下，许多国家尝试建立基于定量分析的乡村活力评估与监测方法，以准确把握薄弱环节，指导乡村的活力提升与差异化振兴。本研究选取了具有地区代表性、处于乡村人口收缩不同阶段的美国、德国、日本和英国作为研究对象，通过梳理上述国家乡村活力代表性研究与实践，进行活力评价思路与指标体系的横向比较。其中，美国关注乡村社区人才流失问题，通过保障乡村教育、繁荣社区文化吸引年青人定居；德国聚焦村域尺度的土地和设施利用效率问题，通过存量更新提升空间活力；日本关注市町村自治体乡村区域可持续发展问题，通过优化“定居”结构解决乡村存续危机；英国针对乡村消费对环境景观的破坏现象，通过监测、保护环境资源和地域景观维护乡村环境品质。在我国要求按区域特征合理布局乡村空间、实行村庄分类振兴施策的政策背景下，本研究将对人口收缩背景下，建立符合我国乡村发展阶段和不同地区的乡村活力评价方法，进而对乡村空间布局和村庄分类起到启示作用。

Abstract：

Industrial globalization has promoted the process of urbanization all over the world, but it also makes most countries and regions face the decline of rural vitality caused by the shrinkage of population. In this context, many countries tried to establish rural vitality evaluation and monitoring methods based on quantitative analysis, so as to accurately grasp the weak links of rural development and guide the promotion of rural vitality and differentiated revitalization. This paper selects the United States, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom, which are regionally representative and at different stages of rural population shrinkage, as the research objects. Through combing the representative research and practice of rural vitality in the above countries, this paper makes a horizontal comparison of vitality evaluation ideas and indicator systems. Among them, the United States pays attention to the problem of brain drain in rural shrinkage, attracts young people to settle by ensuring rural education and prospering community culture; Germany focuses on the utilization efficiency of space and facilities at the village scale, and improves the spatial vitality through rural renewal; Japan pays attention to the sustainable development of rural areas at the level of municipality, and solves the survival crisis of rural areas by optimizing settlement structure; the United Kingdom solves the damage of rural tourism to the rural environment by monitoring and protecting environmental resources and regional landscape and ensuring the quality of rural environment. In the context of China’s national policy of rationally arranging rural space according to regional characteristics and revitalizing villages by classification, this paper could help to establish a rural vitality evaluation method that meets the development stage of China’s rural and areas with different characteristics under the context of population shrinkage, and then play an enlightening role in rural spatial layout and classified revitalization.

冯旭，博士，中国农业大学风景园林系，副系主任，副教授，博士生导师，高级城市规划师。fengxu1204@hotmail.com 

张湛新，中国农业大学风景园林系，硕士研究生 

潘传杨，中国农业大学风景园林系，硕士研究生 

王文钟，中国农业大学风景园林系，硕士研究生

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