程晗蓓 李志刚

Cheng Hanbei, Li Zhigang

关键词：邻里变迁；居民健康；优势和劣势累积；滞后效应；纵向研究

Keywords：Neighborhood Change; Public Health; Advantage & Disadvantage Cumulation; Delayed Effect; Longitudinal Analysis

摘要：

进入21世纪以来，全球城市空间加速扩张，邻里环境变迁日益显著，对居民健康和福祉产生重要影响。笔者通过对相关文献的梳理，发现该领域的研究以欧美国家为主体，先后形成了社会生态理论、“过程—人—情景—时间”理论和生命历程理论等三大基础。邻里变迁与个体流动经历相互交织，共同影响城市居民健康。在影响因素方面，研究多聚焦在邻里贫困剥夺、可步行性、食物环境和绿化暴露水平的变化等方面，少量探讨了社会凝聚力和失序对健康的长期影响，对邻里文化（如社会规范和价值观）、社会互动和权力结构等动态性因素关注不足。在机制方面，研究发现邻里变迁对城市居民健康的影响随居住时间的延长而累积，或是“优势累积”，或是“劣势累积”；居民生命早期所在居住地的邻里环境对其生命后期的健康状况有重大影响，该影响具有“滞后性”。建议国内研究加强对多样化的邻里类型和社会群体的关注，深入探索居住分异、空间隔离等新趋向对居民健康的影响，提高精准施策水平，以此服务高质量发展的城镇化与人居环境建设。

Abstract：

In the earlier 21st century, urban space across the world expanded rapidly, going with the evident change of neighborhood environment, which has significantly influenced residents’ health and well-being. Thus, there is an urgent need to review existing researches on neighborhood change and residents’ health and put forward some guidance. This paper finds that, first, studies mainly concentrated on European and American countries. Social ecosystems theory, process-person-context-time model and life course theory are three fundamental theories in this field. Second, neighborhood changes and individual mobility jointly determine residents’ health across their life course. Most studies explored the health effects of neighborhood poverty and deprivation trajectory, the change of walkability, food environment and green exposure, etc., just a small number of studies examined the long-term effect of social cohesion and disorder on health, less attention has been paid to such factors as neighborhood culture (e.g., social norms and values), social interaction, and political forces. Third, in terms of the underlying mechanism, it finds that the impacts of neighborhood change on residents’ health accumulated along with the extension of residence time, either advantage or disadvantage, say “cumulative effect”. Moreover, the neighborhood environment where people lived in the early stage of their life has a significant impact on their health in later life, namely, say “delayed/lagged effects”. Based on this review, we suggest that future research should stress the health effects of diverse neighborhood types together with various social groups, and put more efforts to investigate the spatial differentiation, segregation and related social environment changes. We call for more accurate making and implement of urban governance policies to serve high-quality development of urbanization and habitat in China.

程晗蓓，清华大学公共管理学院，博士后，助理研究员。hanbeicheng@tsinghua.edu.cn

李志刚（通信作者），武汉大学城市设计学院、湖北省人居环境工程技术研究中心，教授，博士生导师；中国城市规划学会常务理事；国外城市规划学术委员会副主任；中国地理学会城市地理专业委员会副主任。zhigangli@whu.edu.cn

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