彭科 刘建阳 李超骕

Peng Ke, Liu Jianyang, Li Chaosu

关键词：食物环境；膳食质量；食物荒漠；食品沼泽；食物海市蜃楼；食物购买

Keywords：Food Environment; Diet Quality; Food Desert; Food Swamp; Food Mirage; Food Purchase

摘要：

本文从食物环境特别是邻里食物环境对膳食质量的影响入手，探究空间规划介入食物环境研究的必要性，总结食物环境研究领域的三大议题，分别是由于缺少新鲜健康食物造成的食物荒漠，过多高热量低营养食品造成的食品沼泽，以及与食物价格、新鲜度有关的食物海市蜃楼。在此基础上，文章梳理了目前食物环境研究面临的四大挑战与机遇，即跨学科协同探究膳食质量因果链，走出市场理性的误区，明确食物环境优化的空间抓手，以及应对食品产业的自我保护。

Abstract：

The impact of food environment, and especially the impact of neighborhood food environment on diet quality suggest the necessity of intervening food environment research by spatial planning. Three important issues in the field of food environment research are proposed, which are food deserts caused by lack of access to fresh and healthy food, food swamp caused by excessive junk food, and food mirage related to food prices and freshness. Four types of challenges and opportunities confronted by the food environment are proposed too, which are interdisciplinary collaborative research on causal chain between food environment and diet quality, not putting too much faith in the market rationality, identifying spatial strategies to improve food enviomment, and self-protection of the food industry.

彭科，博士，湖南大学建筑与城规学院，丘陵地区城乡人居环境科学湖南省重点实验室，副教授。kpeng6@hnu.edu.cn

刘建阳（通信作者），长沙市规划设计院有限责任公司，城市设计研究所，所长。csghyljy@163.com

李超骕，博士，香港科技大学（广州）城市治理与设计学域，助理教授。chaosuli@live.unc.edu

• [1] 健康中国行动推进委员会. 健康中国行动（2019—2030 年）[EB/OL].（2019-07-09）[2021-06-02]. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/4602dde41fb91a37f111f18583d049649b660e98.html.

  [2] CRINO M, SACKS G, VANDEVIJVERE S, et al. The influence on population weight gain and obesity of the macronutrient composition and energy density of the food supply[J]. Current obesity report, 2015, 4(1): 1-10.

  [3] SETO K C, RAMANKUTTY N. Hidden linkages between urbanization and food systems[J]. Science, 2016, 352(6288): 943-945.

  [4] LYTLE L A, SOKOL R L. Measures of the food environment: a systematic review of the field, 2007-2015[J]. Health & place, 2017, 44: 18-34.

  [5] 赵泽慧, 钟太洋. 食物保障度测度指标与方法研究进展综述[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2020, 41(2): 50-57.

  [6] 李娟娟, 张强, 王晓雯, 等. 2009 年云南贫困农村6 岁以下儿童营养不良的影响因素[J]. 卫生研究, 2015, 44(6): 993-995.

  [7] 满青青, 庞邵杰, 王慧, 等. 2010—2012 年中国普通农村45 岁及以上居民低体重率及影响因素[J]. 卫生研究, 2018, 47(1): 32-36.

  [8] 高帅. 农村人口食物安全测度与动因——基于家庭微观面板数据的分析[J]. 上海财经大学学报, 2014, 16(2): 36-42.

  [9] 杨辉, 余四旺, 陈芳, 等. 中国营养与食品安全问题、对策与展望[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2019, 53(3): 233-240.

  [10] 王俊, 谭洪兴, 许佳章, 等. 深圳市某单位集体用餐人群膳食营养素的调查分析[J]. 卫生研究 2011, 40(2): 206-208.

  [11] 崔红, 何玲. 农村青少年儿童身体健康状况分析[J]. 中国青年研究, 2007(11): 11-15.

  [12] 邬堂春. 立足预防慢性非传染性疾病重新审视环境与遗传交互作用研究策略[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2014, 48(4): 241-243.

  [13] STORY M, KAPHINGST K M, ROBINSON-O’BRIEN R, et al. Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches[J]. Annual review of public health, 2008, 29: 253-272.

  [14] JOU C. Supersizing urban America: how inner cities got fast food with government help[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017: 134-149.

  [15] 段银娟, 李立明, 吕筠. 社区建成环境与居民身体活动及饮食行为的关联研究进展[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2019, 40(4): 475-480.

  [16] RUMMO P E, MEYER K A, BOONE-HEINONEN J, et al. Neighborhood availability of convenience stores and diet quality: findings from 20 years of follow-up in the coronary artery risk development in young adults study[J]. American journal of public health, 2015, 105(5): e65-73.

  [17] MORLAND K, WING S, ROUX A D. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents’ diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study[J]. American journal of public health, 2002, 92(11): 1761-1767.

  [18] ROSE D, RICHARDS R. Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program[J]. Public health nutrition, 2005, 7(8): 1081-1088.

  [19] BODOR J N, ROSE D, FARLEY T A, et al. Neighbourhood fruit and vegetable availability and consumption: the role of small food stores in an urban environment[J]. Public health nutrition, 2008, 11(4): 413-420.

  [20] PENG K, RODRíGUEZ D A, PETERSON M, et al. GIS-based home neighborhood food outlet counts, street connectivity, and frequency of use of neighborhood restaurants and food stores[J]. Journal of urban health, 2020, 97(2): 213-215.

  [21] WANG R, LU S. Access to food outlets and children’s nutritional intake in urban China: a difference-in-difference analysis[J]. Italian journal of pediatrics, 2012, 38(30): 1-7.

  [22] AN R, HE L, SHEN M J. Impact of neighbourhood food environment on diet and obesity in China: a systematic review[J]. Public health nutrition, 2020, 23(3): 457-473.

  [23] 陈煊, 杨薇芬, 刘奕含, 等. 街市型菜市场的动态特征及其规划治理转型——以长沙市活力街市为例（1980—2018）[J]. 现代城市研究, 2021(2): 27-32.

  [24] 荣增举. 社区老年日间照料中心存在的问题与对策——以青海西宁市为例[J]. 北京工业大学学报, 2013, 13(2): 19-23.

  [25] 项坚, 李丹静. 城市近郊地区都市农庄的营造策略[J]. 规划师, 2013, 29(7): 152-154.

  [26] 周晓穗, 吴晓. 流动摊贩的时空分布特征研究——兼议流动摊贩包容性治理策略[J]. 现代城市研究, 2020(1): 89-96.

  [27] CUMMINS S. Food deserts[M] // Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of health, illness, behavior, and society. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014: 562-566.

  [28] U.S. Department of Agriculture. Documentation[EB/OL]. (2021-05-24)[2021-05-25]. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-accessresearch-atlas/documentation/#definitions.

  [29] ISHIKAWA M, YOKOYAMA T, NAKAYA T, et.al. Food accessibility and perceptions of shopping difficulty among elderly people living alone in Japan[J]. The Journal of nutrition, health & aging, 2016, 20(9): 904-911.

  [30] ABE D. The emerging food desert in Kyoto: a new challenge for planners for a sustainable and health living in the built environment[M] // Depopulation, deindustrialisation and disasters: building sustainable communities in Japan. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019: 177-204.

  [31] TENG P. Assuring food security in Singapore, a small island state facing COVID-19[J]. Food security: the science, sociology and economics of food production and access to food, 2020(12): 801-804.

  [32] 赵丽云, 房玥晖, 何宇纳, 等. 1992—2012 年中国城乡居民食物消费变化趋势[J]. 2016, 45(4): 522-526.

  [33] 闫心语, 张曼, 李亦斌, 等. 中国城市高年级小学生食物摄入频次现况[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2019, 40(2): 190-193.

  [34] 李云. 学校食品安全监管重点细节与应对措施[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2009, 30(2): 185.

  [35] SU S, LI Z, XU M, et al. A geo-big data approach to intra-urban food deserts: transit-varying accessibility, social inequalities, and implications for urban planning[J]. Habitat international, 2017, 64: 22-40.

  [36] 刘威风. 老龄化背景下我国城市“食品沙漠”问题研究——以北京市朝阳区A 地区为例[D]. 北京: 首都经济贸易大学, 2018: 1-5.

  [37] 刘芳. 食物沙漠对城市住户食物保障不足的影响——以南京市为例[D]. 南京: 南京大学, 2019: 1-5.

  [38] 刘润雅, 李中慧, 蔡少伦, 等. 新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情管控期间儿童果蔬消费状况及影响因素[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2020, 41(10): 1477-1481.

  [39] ROSE D, BODOR J N, SWALM C M, et al. Deserts in New Orleans? illustrations of urban food access and implications for policy[D/OL]. Tulane: Tulane University, 2009[2021-05-25]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1-DESERTS-IN-NEW-ORLEANS-ILLUSTRATIONS-OF-URBANAND-Rose-Bodor/abc8b418aa0783c8f3b0a0c4fca8f137ad806e0a.

  [40] HAGER E R, COCKERHAM A, O’REILLY N, et al. Food swampsand food deserts in Baltimore City, MD, USA: associations with dietary behaviours among urban adolescent girls[J]. Public health nutrition, 2017, 20(14): 2598-2607.

  [41] GORDON-LARSEN P. Food availability/convenience and obesity[J]. Advances in nutrition, 2014, 5(6): 809-817.

  [42] PENG K, KAZA N. Availability of neighbourhood supermarkets and convenience stores, broader built environment context, and the purchase of fruits and vegetables in US households[J]. Public health nutrition,

  2019, 22(13): 2436-2447.

  [43] POPKIN B M, KENAN W R. Preventing type 2 diabetes: changing the food industry[J]. Best practice & research clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 2016, 30(3): 373-383.

  [44] 杨舒仪, 谢润生, 邓煜盛, 等. 百度地图在中学生致肥胖食物环境研究中的应用[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2018, 39(7): 990-992.

  [45] CHOI S K, FRONGILLO E A, BLAKE C E, et al. Food availability in school stores in Seoul, South Korea after implementation of food- and nutrient-based policies[J]. Journal of school health, 2017, 87(7): 498-505.

  [46] CHEONG K C, CHEONG Y L, HOCK L K, et al. Association between availability of neighborhood fast food outlets and overweight among 5-18 year-old children in Peninsular Malaysia: a cross-sectional study[J]. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019, 16(4): 593-604.

  [47] 段进, 杨保军, 周岚, 等. 规划提高城市免疫力——应对2020新型冠状病毒肺炎突发事件笔谈会[J]. 城市规划, 2020, 44(2): 115-136.

  [48] KAUFMAN P R. Rural poor have less access to supermarkets, large grocery stores[J]. Rural development perspectives, 1998, 13(3): 19-26.

  [49] LEVY D E, PACHUCKI M C, O’MALLEY A J , et a l . Social connections and the healthfulness of food choices in an employee population[J/OL]. Nature human behavior, (2021-04-22)[2021-05-25]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888881/.

  [50] DUBOWITZ T, GHOSH-DASTIDAR M, COHEN D A, et al. Diet and perceptions change with supermarket introduction in a food desert, but not because of supermarket use[J]. Health affairs, 2015, 34(11): 1858-1868.

  [51] LEVINE J. Zoned out: regulation, markets, and choices in transportation and metropolitan land-use[M]. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2006: 5-10.

  [52] BLACK J L, CARPIANO R M, FLEMING S, et al. Exploring the distribution of food stores in British Columbia: associations with neighbourhood socio-demographic factors and urban form[J]. Health & place, 2011, 17(4): 961-970.

  [53] WARREN J L, GORDON-LARSEN P. Factors associated with supermarket and convenience store closure: a discrete time spatial survival modelling approach[J]. Journal of the royal statistical society, 2017, 181(3): 783-802.

  [54] STURM R, COHEN D A. Zoning for health? the year-old ban on new fast-food restaurants in South LA[J]. Health affairs, 2009, 28(6): w1088-w1097.

  [55] 李志明, 樊荣甜. 国外开放空间研究演进与前沿热点的可视化分析[J]. 国际城市规划, 2017, 32(6): 34-41. DOI: 10.22217/upi.2017.135.

  [56] CLARY C M, RAMOS Y, SHARECK M, et al. Should we use absolute or relative measures when assessing foodscape exposure in relation to fruit and vegetable intake? evidence from a wide-scale Canadian study[J]. Preventive medicine, 2015, 71: 83-87.

  [57] BUCHER T, COLLINS C, ROLLO M E, et al. Nudging consumers towards healthier choices: a systematic review of positional influences on food choices[J]. British journal of nutrition, 2016, 115(12): 2252-2263.

  [58] NIXON L, MEJIA P, CHEYNE A, et al. “We’re part of the solution”: evolution of the food and beverage industry’s framing of obesity concerns between 2000 and 2012[J]. American journal of public health, 2015,

  105(11): 2228-2236.

  
  

• 收起