赵守谅 卢诗霞 陈婷婷 林善施

Zhao Shouliang, Lu Shixia, Chen Tingting, Higor Rafael de Souza Carvalho

关键词：理性；巴西利亚；城市规划；现代主义；方法论

Keywords：Rationality; Brasília; Urban Planning; Modernism; Methodology

摘要：

2020 年是巴西利亚建成60 周年。本文采取辩证视角，聚焦“理性”这一主题，对巴西利亚规划的主要成就与问题进行回溯。笔者指出巴西利亚规划主要在三个方面体现了理性的辉煌，即旨在首都职能分离与地区发展平衡的迁都决策，极具特色、理念超前的城市设计构想，以及超级社区精细的标准化设计；同时，也揭示了巴西利亚存在着极不方便的人居生活、城市用地蔓延与低效利用、社会隔离与空间分异加剧这三大意料之外的尴尬。针对巴西利亚规划从“现代主义的一次伟大实践”到“现代主义失败的缩影”的转变，笔者从理性视角对巴西利亚规划进行了方法论层面的反思。

Abstract：

2020 is the 60th anniversary of the establishment of Brasília. By looking back on the great ideas and achievements of Brasilia planning, this paper points out three achievements of human rationality in Brasilia planning: the decision of changing capital; its urban spatial organization is distinctive and advanced; it creates an ideal and refined human settle-ment environment.On the other hand, it also reveals three unexpected problems in Brasilia planning: inconvenience in living, the spread and inefficient use of urban land, and the aggravation of social isolation as well as spatial differentiation. In Brasilia’s transition from “a great practice of modernism” to “the epitome of failure of modernism”, it further explains the significance and limitations of Brasilia plan by the angle of human rationality.

赵守谅，华中科技大学建筑与城市规划学院，教授。470679717@qq.com

卢诗霞，华中科技大学建筑与城市规划学院，硕士研究生

陈婷婷（通信作者），武汉大学城市设计学院，副教授。499714020@qq.com

林善施，巴西圣保罗大学，博士研究生

• [10] PEREIRA R, SCHWANEN T. Commute time in Brazil (1992-2009): differences between metropolitan areas[R]. Brasília, Brazil: Income Levels and Gender, IPEA, 2013.

  [11] ACIOLY CLAUDIO C. JR. The consolidation of low-income settlements in Brasilia: a comparative analysis[J]. Open house international, 1991, 16(2): 46-54.

  [12] REZENDE R, HEYNEN H. Slutwalks in Brasília. the utopia of an egalitarian city and its gendered spaces[J]. Architecture and culture. DOI: 10.1080/20507828.2021.1866326.

  [13] WYGODNY A. Architecture and the state Brasília as a political instrument[D]. Canada: Concordia University, 2004: 1-89.

  [14] BRUNEAU T C. Modernization and bureaucratic-authoritarianism: studies in south American politics[J]. American political science review, 1976, 70(3): 992-993.

  [15] SHELEKPAYEV N. Making cities great again?[J]. Journal of urban history, 2018, 44(3): 533-538. DOI: 10.1177/0096144218758982.

  [16] BRILLEMBOURG C. Latin American archi tecture 1929-1960, contemporary reflections[M]. New York: The Monacelli Press, 2004.

  [17] SASSEN S. Cities in a world economy[M]. London, New Delhi, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, 2000.

  [18] WAKEMAN R. Practicing utopia: an intellectual history of the new town movement[M]. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 2016: 376, xiv.

  [19] 魏彤岳 , 田野 , 杨军 .“ 傲慢”与“偏见”——柯布西耶“现代城市”理论在巴西利亚的实践评析[J]. 规划师, 2011, 27( 增刊1): 183-187.

  [20] 江宇翔, 黎恢远. 理想城市与宜居城市的距离: 以巴西利亚为例[J]. 世界建筑导报, 2017, 32(6): 42-45.

  [21] 石晓风, 魏薇. 巴西利亚城市设计的人性化与形式美思考[J]. 华中建筑, 2011, 29(4): 21-24.

  [22] 任丽洁, 张仁, 邵兰霞. 从巴西迁都巴西利亚谈首都规划与建设[J]. 松辽学刊( 自然科学版), 1994(4): 81-84.

  [23] WILHEIM J, SACHS I, PINHEIRO P S. Brasil: companhia das letras[M]. S?o Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2001: 408

  [24] IBGE. [2018-12-20]. https: //www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas-novoportal/sociais/populacao/22827-censo2020-censo4.html?=&t=o-que-e.

  [25] 詹姆斯·C. 斯科特. 国家的视角——那些试图改善人类状况的项目是如何失败的[M]. 王晓毅, 译. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2004: 153.

  [26] 张钦楠. 巨人的尺度——巴西利亚[J]. 北京规划建设, 2005(2): 186-191.

  [27] 仇保兴. 城市规划学新理性主义思想初探——复杂自适应系统(CAS)视角[J]. 城市发展研究, 2017, 24(1): 1-8.

  [28] JACOBS J. The death and life of great American cities[M]. New York: Random House, 1961.

  [29] COSTA C, LEE S. The evolution of urban spatial structure in Brasília: focusing on the role of urban development policies[J]. Sustainability, 2019,11(2): 553.

  [30] CODEPLAN. Pesquisa Distri t a l por Amostra de Domi c í l io –PDAD2015[R]. Brasília, 2016.http: //www.codeplan.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Resumo-PDAD-Distrito-Federal.pdf

  [31] ROJAS E. The Reurbanization of the Brasilia Metropolitan Region[C]. 42nd ISOCARP World Planning Congress. Istanbul, 2007.

  [32] KNOX P. Atlas of cities[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014: 160-175.

  [33] BERTAUD A. Brasilia spatial structure: between the cult of design andmarkets[C]. Urban Density and Land Use in Metropolitan Areas. Brasília, 2010

  [34] FRIEDMANN J. Toward a non-Euclidian mode of planning[J]. Journal of American Planning Association, 1993, 59(4): 482-485.

  [35] KUBITSCHEK J. Por que construi Brasi?lia[M]. Rio de Janeiro: Bloch, 1975.

  [36] GEDDES P. Cities in evolution: an introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics[M]. London: Wlilliams and Norgate, 1915: 1-270.

  [37] 孙施文. 中国城市规划的理性思维的困境[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2007(2): 1-8.

  [38] WILLIAMS R J. Brasília after Brasília[J]. Progress in planning, 2007, 67: 301-366.

  [39] 赵守谅. 论城市规划中效率与公平的对立与统一[J]. 城市规划, 2008(11): 62-66.

  [40] 亚当·斯密. 国富论[M]. 郭大力, 王亚南, 译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2015.

  [41] 哈耶克. 致命的自负[M]. 冯克利, 胡晋华, 译. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2000.

  [42] 赫伯特·西蒙. 人类活动中的理性[M]. 胡怀国, 冯科, 译. 桂林: 广西师范大学出版社, 2016.

  [43] GLOBAL_DATA_LAB. Human Development Indices (5.0) [DB/OL] .[2021-06-12]. https: //globaldatalab.org/shdi/

  
  

• 收起